abase//humiliate, lower, degrade, demean, humble, debase//낮추다,(지위,품위를)떨어뜨리다, 창피를 주다 abash//make ashamed, embarrass, confound, confuse, discomfit, disconcert, discountenance//당혹스럽게 하다 abate//subside, bate, dwindle, lull, relent, slacken, wane, deduce, lessen//누그러뜨리다, 약해지다, 무효로하다 abdicate//step down from a position of power or responsibility, renounce, give up, resign//포기하다, 퇴위하다, 사퇴하다 aberration//a deviation//바른 길을 벗어남, 탈선, 정신 이상, (렌즈의)수차 abet//encourage or assist in wrongdoing//부추기다, 선동하다 abhor//hate very much, detest, abominate, execrate, loathe//몹시 싫어하다, 혐오하다 abject//hopeless, extremely sad and servile, defeated, miserable, wretched//비참한, 비천한, 비열한, 비굴한 abjure//repudiate, reject, recall, recant, retract, withdraw// (맹세,신의,주장 따위를) 맹세로 버리다, 포기하다, 철회하다 abnegate//renounce, give up, reject//(권리 등을)버리다, 포기하다, 자제하다, 끊다 abomination//sth despised or abhorred, extreme loathing//증오, 혐오, 혐오감을 주는 행위(일) aboriginal//native, primordial, endemic, indigenous//처음부터의, 원래의, 원시의, 토착의, 토착민의 / 원주민, 토착의 동식물 abortive//unsuccessful, futile, ineffective, ineffectual, vain//실패한, 유산의, 발육부진의 abound//to be very numerous//많이 있다, ...이 풍부하다 abridge//shorten, condense, abbreviate, curtail, retrench//요약하다, 축소하다, 단축하다 abrogate//abolish, repeal formally, annihilate, annul, invalidate, vitiate, nullify//(법률,습관) 폐지하다, 철폐하다, 취소하다 absolve//forgive or free from blame, pardon / free from sin, discharge//용서하다 / 무죄 방면하다,사면하다 abstinent//abstaining, voluntarily not doing something, continent, temperate//절제하는, 금욕의, 금주하는 abstract//theoretical, impersonal//추상적인, 이상적인, 난해한, 공상적인, 심원한, 방심한, 추상 파의, <->concrete abstruse//hard to understand, obscure, profound, esoteric, recondite, enigmatic//난해한, 심오한 abysmal//extremely hopeless or wretched, bottomless, fathomless//한없이 깊은, 심연의, 나락의, 지독히 나쁜 accede//1. agree, yield, give in, assent, consent, acquiesce//동의하다, 따르다 2. (관직에)취임하다 accentuate//emphasize, accent, highlight//두드러지게 하다, …을 강조하다, ...을 역설하다 access//1. 통로 2. the right or ability to approach, enter or use, 접근할수 있는 권리 3. outburst, 발작 acclaim//praise publicity and enthusiastically, applaud, hail//환호하여 맞이하다, 갈채를 보내다 / 갈채, 환호 accolade//an award, an honor, laurels//나이트작 수여식, 명예, 표창 accord//agree, to be in harmony, grant or bestow//동의하다, 조화하다, 허용하다, 수용하다 / concord, consonance accost//to approach an speak to someone, address//다가가서 말을 걸다 / 말 붙임, 인사 accouterments//personal clothing, accessories, or equipment, trappings//(군복과 무기 이외의) 장비, 장구, 마구, 복장 accrue//accumulate over time, augment//자연히 증가하다(생기다), (이자 따위가) 붙다, 늘다 acerbic//bitter, sour, severe, acrimonious//[맛이] 신, 신랄한 acquiesce//assent, accede, consent, agree, comply passively//묵인하다, 묵묵히 따르다, 승낙하다, 동의하다 acquisitive//seeking or tending to acquire, greedy//욕심이 많은, (지식, 부귀, 세력 등을) 원하는 acquit//1.exculpate,exonerate,vindicate / 2.behave or conduct oneself//1. 무죄방면하다,석방하다 / 2. 스스로 행동하다,처신하다 acrid//sharp, pungent, piquant, poignant, harsh, like acid//매운, 신랄한, 가혹한 acrimonious//bitter, stinging, caustic, acerbic, acidulous, mordant, sarcastic, trenchant//매서운, 말과 태도가 격렬한, 신랄한 acronym//a word made up of the initial of other words//두문자어 acumen//keenness of judgment, mental sharpness, astuteness, discernment, perspicacity//혜안, 예리함, 날카로운 통찰력 acute//1. sharp, shrewd, sensitive, penetrating//1. 날카로운, 민감한 2. 급성의 <-> chronic adage//wise saying, proverb, maxim, axiom, aphorism, apothegm//격언, 속담 adamant//hard, inflexible, stubborn, unyielding, inexorable, obdurate, rigid, uncompromising//단단한, 견고한, 굳센 address//to speak to, to direct one's attention to//[...에게] 말을 걸다, 연설하다, [항의 등을]제기/제출하다 adduce//bring forward as an example or as proof, cite//...을 인용하다, (증거, 이유)로 제시(인용)하다 adherent//follower, supporter, believer / clinging, coherent, sticky // 지지자, 당원, 신자 / 부착력 있는, 들러붙는 adjourn//suspend until another time//...을 연기하다, 미루다, 휴회하다 adjunct//accessory, appendage, appurtenance, assistant//부가물, 부속물, 보조물 ad-lib//improvise, speak or act spontaneously//즉흥적으로 ...하다 admonish//scold gently, warn, reprove, forewarn, chide, rebuke, reprehend, reprimand, reproach//훈계하다, 경고하다 adroit//skillful, dexterous, adept, proficient, ambidextrous, clever, shrewd//교묘한, 솜씨있는, 기민한, 영리한 adulation//flattery, wild or excessive admiration, blandishment//추종, 아첨 adulterate//contaminate, make impure, degrade, impurity, pollute//오염시키다, 더럽히다 advent//arrival, coming, beginning//(중요한 사건, 인물 따위의)출현, 도래, 등장, 예수의 강림 <-> exit adventitious//accidental, fortuitous, casual, irrelevant, incidental//우연히 얻은, 우연의, 우발의, 후천적인 adverse//opposed, disadvantageous, unpropitious, unfavorable, antagonistic, oppugnant//반대의, 적의가 있는, 불리한 advocate//urge, plead for / justify, support//옹호자, 지지자, 변호인 / 지지하다, 변호하다 aesthetic//having to do with artistic beauty//미의, 심미적인 affable//courteous, amiable, congenial, cordial, genial, polite, friendly//상냥한, 사근사근한, 붙임성 있는, 부드러운 affectation//unnatural or artificial behavior, usually intended to impress//…인체함, 짐짓 꾸밈 affidavit//written statement made under oath, a sworn written statement//선서, 진술서 affiliate//become closely associated with ally, conjunct//... 을 합병하다, 가입시키다, 일원으로 하다, 제휴하다, 협력하다 affinity//kinship, analogy, comparison, resemblance, similitude, sympathy, attraction, similarity//친화성, 유사성, 좋아함 affliction//misery, illness, great suffering, a source of illness//고통, 고뇌, 고난; 고통의 원인, 불행, 재앙 affluent//opulent, rich, prosperous//풍부한, 부유한 afford//give, supply, confer upon//...을 수여하다, 주다, 공급하다, 여유가 있다 affront//insult, deliberate act of disrespect//경멸, 모욕 / (고의로)모욕하다, 공공연히 창피주다 aftermath//consequence, events following some occurrence or calamity//결과, 여파, 영향 agenda//program, timetable, items of business at a meeting, things to be done//회의 사항, 의제, 안건, 의사일정 aggrandize//exaggerate, augment, increase, amplify, magnify//(범위) 확대하다, (부, 권력, 지위)...을 강화 증대하다 aggregate//sum total, gross, inclusive ,overall, whole//합계의, 총계의 / 모으다, 집합하다, 총계가 ...이 되다 aggrieve//mistreat, vex, do grievous injury to, distress//...에게 고통을 주다, 괴롭히다, 학대하다 aghast//terrified, shocked, horrified, agape, dismayed, overwhelmed//놀란, 겁먹은 agnostic//one who believes that the existence of a god can be, atheist, skeptic//불가지론자 / 불가지론의 agrarian//pertaining to land or its cultivation//토지의, 농업의, 토지에 관한 alacrity//cheerful eagerness or readiness to respond, promptness//민첩, 기민, 경쾌, 활기 alchemy//medieval chemistry//연금술 alienate//1. make unfriendly or hostile, estrange, alien, separate//...소외하다, …적대시하다 2. 소유권(재산)을 옮기다 allege//assert without proof, adduce, affirm, assert, avouch, declare//단언하다, 증거 없이 주장하다 allegiance//duty, support, loyalty//충성 allegory//fable, apologue, parable, story in which characters are used as symbols//우화, 비유담 alleviate//relieve, palliate, allay, appease, assuage, soothe, calm, pacify//진정시키다, 완화하다 allocate//distribute, assign, allot, apportion, mete//할당하다, 배분하다 allot//apportion, allocate, assign//할당하다, 배분하다 alloy//a combination of two or more things, usually metals//합금, 혼합물 allusion//an indirect reference, a hint, connotation, implication, inkling, innuendo, insinuation, intimation//암시, 힌트 aloof//uninvolved, apathetic, indifferent, reserved, reticent, taciturn//멀리떨어져 무관심한, 냉담함 altercation//heated fight, argument or quarrel, controversy, dispute, fracas//언쟁, 말다툼 altruism//selflessness, generosity, magnanimity, philanthropy//애타주의 이타주의(타인에게 헌신적인) amass//pile up, accumulate, collect, cumulate, garner, stockpile//(재산)을 모으다, 축적하다, 쌓다 ambience//atmosphere, milieu, medium, surroundings, mood, feeling//환경, 분위기 ambiguous//unclear in meaning, confusing, equivocal, inexplicit, vague//중의적인, 두 가지 뜻으로 풀이되는, 분명하지 않은 ambivalent//undecided, neutral, wishy-washy//두개가 양립하여 아직 결정되지 않은, 중성의, 중립의 ameliorate//make better or more tolerable, improve, amend//개량하다, 개선하다, 좋아지다 amenable//obedient, compliant, docile, malleable, pliant, submissive, tractable, agreeable//순종하는, 기꺼이 따르는 amenity//pleasantness, attractive or comfortable feature//쾌적함, 즐거움, 오락시설, (pl), 상냥함, 예의바름 amiable//friendly, agreeable, lovable, complaisant, courteous, lenient//호감을 주는, 상냥한, 애교 있는 amid//in the middle of//...의 한복판에, ...에 둘러싸여, ...사이에, 한창에 amnesty//an official pardon for a group of people who have violated a law, absolution//사면, 대사, 특별사면 / 사면하다 amoral//lacking a sense of right and wrong, nonmoral//초 도덕의, 도덕에 관계 없는 amorous//feeling loving, especially in a sexual sense, in love, relating love, enamored, erotic//연애중인, 호색의, 요염한 amorphous//shapeless, bloblike, formless//무정형의, 일정한 형태가 없는 anachronism//something out of place in time or history, an incongruity, misdate, parachronism//시대착오,시대에 뒤떨어진 사람 analogy//comparison of one thing to another, similarity, affinity, parallelism, resemblance, similitude//유사, 유추 anarchy//absence of government or control, lawlessness, disorder, chaos//무정부, 무질서 anathema//sth or sn loathed , detested, cursed, or execrated//파문, 저주, 저주받은 물건, 혐오 받는 사람(것) ancillary//subordinate, providing assistance, appurtenant, auxiliary, subsidiary//보조의, 부속의, 부수적인 anecdote//a short account of a humorous or revealing incident, amusing account, tale//일화, 기담 angst//anxiety, fear, dread//불안 anguish//agonizing physical or mental pain, throes, torment, torture//고통, 번민, 고뇌 / 괴로워하다 animosity//resentment, hostility, ill will, animus, antagonism, enmity, hostility//반감, 적의, 원한, 악의 annex//add or attach//부가하다, 첨가하다 annuity//yearly allowance//연금(연봉), 연금보험 anomaly//an aberration, an irregularity, a deviation//변칙, 이상, 예외, 이례 antecedent//precedent//앞서는, 선행의, ...보다 이전의 / 선행자, 선례, 조상 antedate//be older than, have come before//(시간적으로)먼저 일어나다, 앞서다 anterior//situated in front//(시간, 위치가)앞선, 선행한, 앞쪽의 anthology//a collection of especially of literary works//(한사람이나 여러 사람의)시집, 시문집, 문학작품집 anthropomorphic//anthropoid, humanoid//의인법적인(동물이나 사물을 사람처럼) antipathy//dislike, animosity, abhorrence, abomination, aversion, loathing ,repugnance, (↔sympathy)//반감, 혐오 antipodal//situated on opposite sides of the earth, exactly opposite//지구의 정반대의, 정반대의 antiquity//ancientness, ancient times//태고, 고대, 고물, (pl) 고적, 고대미술품 antithesis//the direct opposite//정반대, 대조, (반론이라는 의미는 없음) apartheid//the abhorrent policy of racial segregation an oppression//인종차별 apathy//lack of interest, lack of feeling, impassiveness, indifference//무감동, 무관심, 냉담 aperture//opening, hole, orifice, vent, outlet//뻐끔히 벌어진 구멍, 틈새, 렌즈의 구경 aphorism//a brief, often witty saying, a proverb, maxim, adage, apothegm//격언 apocalypse//a prophetic revelation//묵시, 천계, 요한계시록 apocryphal//dubious, fictitious, spurious, bogus, counterfeit, forged, phony, spurious, ungenuine//가짜의, 거짓의 apogee//(달, 인공위성 따위가 궤도상에서 지구와 가장 멀어지는 위치)최고점, 정상, (천문)원지점 <-> perigee apoplexy//stroke//(뇌)졸증, 뇌출혈 apostasy//abandonment or rejection of faith or loyalty, treachery, perfidy//배신, 변절, 탈당 apotheosis//1. elevation to devine status, signification, deification 2. the perfect example of something//1.신격화, 칭송 2.理想 appalling//causing horror or consternation//소름끼치는, 무서운 apparition//ghost, phantom, specter, wraith//유령, 환영, 유령의 출현 appease//soothe, pacify, propitiate, placate, conciliate, assuage, mollify, palliate//진정시키다,달래다,(식욕,욕구를)채우다 appellation//name, title, caption//명칭, 호칭, 명명 appendage//supplement, appurtenance//(매달린) 부가물, 부속물, 부속 기관 apportion//distribute proportionally, divide into portions//할당하다, 나누다, 배분하다 apposite//distinctly suitable, pertinent, appropriate, relevant, germane//적당한, 적절한 appraise//estimate value of, judge, assess, evaluate//평가하다, 감정하다 appreciate//1. recognize quality 2. understand, fathom, cognize, comprehend 3. to be thanks for 4. increase in value apprehensive//1.worried, anxious, solicitous, fearful 2. comprehensive, discerning, perceptive //1. 염려하는,걱정하는 2. 이해가 빠른 apprise//inform, give notice to, notify//알리다 approbation//approval, praise, sanction//허가, 시인, 칭찬 appropriate//set aside for a particular use, take without permission//착복하다, 자기것처럼 사사로이쓰다 / 적당한, 알맞은 appurtenance//something extra, appendage, accessory, adjunct, appendage, appendix//부가물, 부속물 apropos//appropriate, with reference to, properly//적절한, 알맞은, 적절하게 apt//1. quick to learn or understand 2. likely, liable 3. appropriate//1. 총명한 2. ...하는 경향이 있는 3. 적적한, 적당한 aptitude//capacity for learning, natural ability, caliber, fitness, talent//적성, 소질, 재능, 적절함 arbiter//one who decides; a judge, referee, umpire//중재인, 조정자 arbitrary//random, capricious, autocratic, despotic, monocratic//임의의, 변덕스러운, 독단적인, 전제적인 arcade//아케이드(유개 도로 또는 상가) arcane//mysterious, secret, inscrutable, mystical, uncanny//비밀의, 불가사이의 archaic//extremely old, ancient, outdated, antique//고풍의 archetype//original mode or pattern, prototype, primitive pattern, model, original//모범, 원형, 전형 archipelago//group of islands//군도, 다도해 archives//public records, place where public records are kept//공문서(보관소), 옛기록 ardent//passionate//열렬한, 열심인, 불 타는, 타는 듯한 (↔half-hearted) arduous//1. hard, difficult, laborious, strenuous, toilsome 2. steep//1. 힘드는, 고난의 2. 가파른 arid//very dry, barren, droughty, sterile, unfruitful//건조한, 불모의, 무미건조한 aristocratic//of noble birth, snobbish//귀족의 armament//implement of war, the process of arming for war//군사력, 무기, 군비 armistice//truce//휴전 arraign//bring to court to answer answer an indictment, accuse, criminate, impeach, inculpate, indict//소환하다, 고소하다 arrant//utter, unmitigated, absolute, thorough, complete, unmitigated//완전한, 으뜸인, 최고의, 절대적인, 악명 높은 arrears//the state of being in debt, unpaid debts, indebtedness//지불 잔금, 연체금 arsenal//a collection of armaments, a facility for storing or producing armament//병기고, 병기 창고, (비유) 힘의 축적 artful//crafty, wily, sly//교묘한, 능수 능란한, 인위적인 articulate//1. pronounce clearly, express clearly//1. 똑똑히 발음하다 2. Joint로 연결하다; 발음이 분명한, joint로 연결된 artifice//trickery, cunning, chicanery, deceit, device, feint, maneuver, ruse, stratagem, skulduggery//책략, 속임, 기만 artisan//a manually skilled worker, craftsman, mechanic//직공, 기능공 ascendancy//supremacy, domination, preeminence, preponderance//우세, 우월, 패권, 지배권 ascertain//find out certainty, determine with certainty, discover//확실하게하다, 확인하다, 알아내다 ascetic//practicing self-denial, hermitlike, abstemious, abstinent, astringent, austere//절제하는 금욕의 / 금욕주의자 ascribe//refer, attribute, impute, assign//…의 탓으로 돌리다 askance//with suspicion ,disapproval, sideways, or indirect look, awry, askew, crookedly//수상쩍게 비스듬히, 곁눈질로 aspersion//slanderous remark, animadversion, calumny, detraction, invective, libel, obloquy, stricture//비방, 중상 assail//attack vigorously, assault, aggress//습격하다, 엄습하다 assert//claim strongly, affirm//단언하다, 주장(옹호)하다 assess//1. fix the amount of 2. appraise, evaluate, estimate//1.(세금, 요금을) 정하다 2. 평가하다, 감정하다 assiduous//hardworking, busy, quite diligent, industrious, sedulous//근면한, 빈틈없이 손이 미치는 assimilate//absorb, cause to become homogeneous, imbibe, learn thoroughly//동화하다, 소화하다, 흡수하다, 이해하다 assuage//soothe, pacify, ease pain of, relieve, allay, appease, mitigate, mollify, propitiate, placate//달래다, 누그러뜨리다 astringent//1. binding, causing contraction 2. harsh, severe, withering, strict, stringent//1. 수렴성의 2. 엄격한; 수렴제 astute//shrewd, wise, acute, keen in judgment//기민한, 빈틈없는, 교활한 asylum//mental hospital, refuge, shelter, place of safety//도피처, 수용소, (정신)보호 수용소, 정신병원 atone//make amends, compensate for, redress, expiate//보상하다, 배상하다 atrophy//wither away, decline from disuse//쇠약하다, 위축하다(시키다), 신체적 위축, 쇠약, (도덕심의) 감퇴, 타락 attest//give proof of, give testimony, testify, certify, vouch//증명하다, …의 증거가 되다 attribute//ascribe; trait//에 돌리다, 탓으로 돌리다; 속성, 특질, 불어 다니는 것, 부수물 attrition//natural or expected decrease, gradual wearing away, weakening or loss, corrosion, erosion//마찰,마모,소모,감소 augment//make bigger, add to, increase, aggrandize, boost, expand, extend, magnify//증가시키다, 늘리다, 늘다 augur//steer, soothsayer; predict, foretell, serve as a sign or omen//점쟁이; 점치다, ...의 조짐을 보이다 august//inspiring admiration or awe, stately, grandiose, imposing, magnificent, majestic, splendid//당당한, 위엄있는 auspices//protection, support, sponsorship//후원, 찬조 (under the auspices …의 도움을 받아), 조짐, 길조 auspicious//pointing to a good result, favorable, promising, propitious//길조의, 상서로운, 행운의,경사스런 <-> adverse austere//unadorned, stern, ascetic, rigorous, severe, strict, without excess//꾸밈이 없는, 간소한, 엄한, 준엄한, 엄격한 autocratic//extremely bossy, ruling with absolute authority, despotic, of dictator//독재자의 autonomous//acting independently//자치적인, 독립된 auxiliary//additional, subsidiary, secondary, ancillary, appurtenant, subordinate, supplementary//보조의, 추가의 / 조동사 avail//help, to be of use, serve//돕다, 쓸모있다, ...에 도움이 되다 avant-garde//(예술성의) 전위파, 아방가르드, 선구자 avarice//greed, excessive love of riches//탐욕, 허욕 aversion//antagonism, antipathy, abhorrence, abomination, distaste, hatred, repellency, repugnance, repulsion//혐오,싫은것 avert//turn away, divert, veer; prevent, balk, foil, forestall, preclude, obviate//(눈,생각을) 돌리다; (위험을)피하다, 막다 avid//enthusiastic, greedy, eager for, ardent, covetous, gluttonous//탐욕스러운, 갈망하는 avow//claim, declare boldly, affirm, assert, asseverate, aver, avouch, testify, admit//공언하다, 시인하다 avuncular//like an uncle, especially a nice uncle//백부(숙부)의, 삼촌같이 친절한 awry//off course, twisted to one side, askance, askew//뒤틀린, 뒤틀리어 일지러진 axiom//1. a self-evident rule or truth without proof 2. a widely accepted saying, maxim//1. 원리, 이치, 공리 2. 격언 bacchanal//(그리스신)바카스 같은, 술 취해 흥청대는 / 주정뱅이, 술잔치 (revelry) baleful//baneful, malign, pernicious, deleterious, destructive, harmful, sinister, ominous//해로운, 불길한 balk//1. hinder, foil 2. refuse to proceed //1. 보크 2. 방해,장해 / 1. 방해하다,좌절시키다 2. (말)안가려고 용쓰다 3.주춤하다 ballyhoo//sensational advertising or promotion, uproar//야단스럽고 저속한 선전, 광고, 야단법석, 소란 balm//analgesic, anodyne, paregoric//향유, 방향(안정제, 진통제로 쓰이는), 안정제. 진통제, (비유)위안이 되는것 banal//unoriginal, ordinary, hackneyed, commonplace, trite, platitudinous, pedestrian, humdrum//평범한, 진부한 bandy//toss back and forth, exchange//(공 따위를) 치고 받고하다, (타격, 말 따위를) 주고 받고하다 bane//poison, venom, cause of harm//독, 해악, 파멸의, 원인 banter//an exchange of good-humored or mild teasing remarks//악의없는 농담을 하다 / 악의없는 농담 baroque//highly ornate, flamboyant in style//바로크식, 바로크식의, 화려한 barrage//barrier laid down by artillery fire, outpouring; bombardment//탄막; 집중사격, (질문, 비난 따위의) 연발, 퍼부음 bastion//stronghold, fortress, fortified place, bulwark, rampart//요새, 성벽 bauble//a gaudy trinket, small and inexpensive ornament, bagatelle//값싸고 번지르르한 물건, 자질구레한 장신구 bedlam//noisy uproar and chaos, place like that//수라장, 소란한 장소 beget//give birth to, create, lead to, cause, breed, generate//, propagate, 아이를 낳다, 생기게 하다 begrudge//1. envy 2. give with reluctance//1. 시셈하다 2. 주기 싫어하다, 아까워하다 (grudge의 강조형) behest//command, order, fiat, edict//명령 belabor//1. beat soundly, assail verbally 2. go over repeatedly to an absurd extent, harp//1. 세게 치다, 욕설하다, 호통치다 beleaguer//surround, besiege, beset, harass//포위하다, 둘러싸다, 괴롭히다 belie//give a false impression, contradict, contravene, controvert//(속마음과는 다르게 겉으로)속이다, 반대(상반)되다 belittle//make to seem little, put sb down, disparage, derogate, detract, depreciate//얕보다, 헐뜯다, 과소평가하다 belligerent//combative, bellicose, contentious, militant, pugnacious, quarrelsome, waging war//교전중인, 호전적인 bemoan//mourn about, lament//슬퍼하다, 한탄하다 bemused//absent-minded, confused, bewildered//멍한, 넋이나간, 어리벙벙한 / 멍하게 하다, ...의 마음을 사로잡다 benediction//blessing, benison, utterance of good wish//축복을 기원함, 축복, 성체 강복식 benefactor//gift giver, patron//은인, 후원자, 기부하는 사람 benevolent//generous, kind, charitable, altruistic, humane, magnanimous, philanthropic, humanitarian//자비스러운, 친절한 benighted//1. ignorant//1. 무지한, 미개의 2. 날이 저문 benign//kind, favorable, gentle, clement, humane, merciful, not harmful//인정 많은, 친절한, 온화한, 해가없는 bequeath//leave in a will//유산으로 남기다 bequest//something left to someone in a will, legacy, patrimony//유증, 유산, 유물 bereft//deprived of, lacking, left desolate//빼앗긴, 사별한, [죽음을 통하여 생명, 희망 등을]빼앗기다, 황량해지다 beset//surround, harass, badger, distress, irritate, torment, vex//둘러싸다, 방해하다, 공격하다, 괴롭히다, 장식하다 bestow//present as a gift, confer, donate//주다, 수여하다 bilious//ill-tempered, cranky, fretful, irascible, peevish, petulant, testy, touchy//담즙(bile)의, 성마른, 까다로운 bivouac//temporary encampment especially of soldiers//야영하다 / 야영 blanch//bleach, whiten, to turn pale, cause to turn pale, palliate//희게 하다, 표백하다, 창백해지다 bland//soothing, mild, balmy, lenient, tasteless, dull//온화한, (맛이) 부드러운, 시시한, 매력없는, 무관심한 blandishment//flattery, adulation//아첨, 추종 blasphemy//irreverence, an insult to sth held sacred, profanity, sacrilege//신성모독, 불경 blatant//loudly offensive, boisterous, clamorous, obstreperous, vociferous; glaring, obvious//떠들썩한; 빤히속보이는 blight//(식물)말라죽는 병, 병균, 해충, 악화, 황폐 / 말라죽게 하다, 파멸시키다 bliss//extreme joy, perfect contentment//더없는행복, 기쁨, 희열 blithe//carefree, cheerful, gay, joyous, delectable//명랑한, 쾌활한, 유쾌한, 행복한 bluster//1. roar, be loud, be tumultuous//1. (바람,물결) 휘몰아 치다 2. (…out)소리지르다; 사나운 바람(물)소리 ,호령 bombast//high-sounding talk, hyperbole//과장된 말, 허풍, 호언장담 bon vivant//a person who enjoys good food, good drink, and luxurious living, epicure//미식가 boon//blessing, benefit; convivial, jolly//축복, 이익; 유쾌한, 명랑한 boor//rough and ill-mannered person, churl, lout, clod//거칠고 예절없는 사람, 시골뜨기 booty//plunder//전리품, 포획물 botch//bungle, ruin through poor or clumsy effort//서투르게 수선하다가 망치다 / 서투른 수선, 흉한 기움질 bourgeois//middle-class person//중산계급, 자본가, 부르주아 / 중산계급의, 속물근성의 bovine//cow-like//소 과의, 소의, 소 같은, 느린 bracing//invigorating, lively, stimulated//긴장시키는, 기운을 돋우는, 자극시키는 //cf. brace: support, prepare, stimulate brandish//wave or display threateningly//(칼 따위를) 휘두르다, (창을)내젓다 bravado//swagger, temerity, bluster, assumed air of defiance, false or ostentatious show of bravery or defiance//허세, 만용 brawn//big muscles, great strength//근육, 완력 brazen//audacious, contumelious, impertinent, saucy, insolent, brash, impudent, bold//뻔뻔스러운, 무례한, 놋쇠로 만든 breach//1. breaking of contract or duty, violation, infraction, infringement 2. fissure, hiatus, interim, rupture, gap or break//1. 위반 2. 깨뜨림, 터진 곳 brevity//briefness, conciseness, succinctness//간결, 간략, 짧음 brink//edge//가장자리 bristle//1. stiffen with fear or anger 2. show indignation//뻣뻣한 털 1. 털을 곤두세우다 2. 성내다 broach//1. open up a subject //1. 화제를 끄집어내다, 구멍을 뚫다 2. 배가 방향을 바꾸어 풍파를 옆으로 받게하다 bromide//a dull, obvious, over familiar saying, a clich?, platitude//고리타분한 생각, 평범한 사람, 틀에 박힌 문구 brouhaha//uproar, hubbub, tumult, bedlam//소란, 소동, 흥분 brusque//blunt, abrupt, gruff//무뚝뚝한 bucolic//charmingly rural, country-like, rustic, pastoral, idyllic//시골의, 양치는 사람의, 목가 buffoon//joker, clown//익살 광대 bulwark//earthwork or other strong defense, safeguard, citadel, bastion//성채, 성벽, 누벽, 방파제 bureaucracy//government by bureaus//관료정치(제도, 주의) burgeon//send out buds, blossom, bloom, effloresce, expand, augment, multiply, flourish//싹트다, 성장하다, 번창하다 burlesque//parody, lampoon, travesty, caricature, give an imitation that ridicules//익살스러운 / 흉내내다 / 익살극, 풍자 byzantine//extremely intricate or complicated in structure//비잔틴인, 비잔티움의(건축 양식 등) cabal//a group of conspiracy, act of such group, clique, junta, plot//음모단, 음모 cache//hiding place, the thing hidden in a secret place//감춰두는 곳, 저장소, 은닉물 / 은닉하다 cacophony//discordant sound, dissonance//불협화음, 불쾌한 음조, 소음 <-> accord cadence//rhythm, the rise and fall of sounds//운율, 억양 cajole//persuade, coax, wheedle, beguile, deceive, delude//부추기다, 감언 이설로 속이다 calamity//disaster, cataclysm, catastrophe, misadventure, tragedy//불행, 재해 callous//hardened, insensitive, emotionally hardened, unfeeling//(피부가)굳어진, 무감각한, 냉담한 callow//immature, immature, juvenile, unfledged, youthful//(새가)깃털이 아직 나지 않은, 애송이인 calumny//belittlement, defamation, depreciation, detraction, disparagement, slander, maliciously false statement//비방, 중상 candor//truthfulness, sincere honesty, frankness//공평무사, 허심탄회, 솔직, 정직 canine//dog-like//개과의, 개 같은, 송곳니, 개과의 동물 canon//2. accepted standard//1. 캐논(기독교적 신앙 및 행위의 기준) 2. 규범, 기준 3. 성서 4. 성직자 cant//1. slope 2. hypocrisy 3. jargon //1. 경사; 기울이다 2. 위선(적인 말투) 3. 은어, 전문어//cf. recant: 취소하다 canvass//survey, inspect, scrutinize//자세히 조사하다, 철저하게 논하다 capacious//spacious, roomy, commodious//넓은, 많이 들어가는, 포용력이 큰, 광대한, 관대한 capital//money, equipment and property owned by business, wealth used in creating more wealth//수도, 자본, 밑천 capitalism//자본주의 capitulate//give up or give in, submit, succumb, yield, surrender//(조건부로)항복하다, 성을 내어주다, 저항을 그만두다 capricious//fickle, incalculable, mercurial, unpredictable//변덕스러운, 급변하는 captivate//fascinate, enchant, to enrapture//...을 매혹하다, 사로잡다, 넋을 빼앗다 carcinogenic//causing cancer//발암성의 cardinal//chief, essential, fundamental, vital//기본적인, 가장중요한 / 추기경 careen//swerve, move rapidly without control, lean to one side//갑자기 방향을 바구다, (배)기울여서 청소(수리)하다 caricature//distortion, burlesque, parody, travesty//익살스러운, 풍자, 익살스럽게 흉내내다 cartography//지도 제작(법), 제도(법) cascade//small waterfall; fall like a cascade//작은 폭포, 폭포처럼 생긴 것; 폭포처럼 떨어지다 castigate//criticize, chastise, punish, censure//비난하다, 책망하다, 혹평하다, 징계하다 cataclysm//deluge, inundation, spate, calamity, catastrophe, misadventure, tragedy//(홍수, 지진, 전쟁, 혁명) 대변동, 격변 catalyst//촉매, 촉진제, 촉매 역할하는 사람 categorical//unconditional, absolute//범주에 속하는, 무조건적인, 절대적인, 단정적인, 단언적인 catharsis//purification that brings emotional relief or renewal, purgation//카타르시스, 정화 catholic//universal, cosmic, embracing everything, broadly sympathetic, liberal//광범위한, 보편적인, 관대한, 천주교의 caucus//(정당 등의)간부회의(정책 수립.후보 지명 등을 논의), 조직위원회, 당무회의 / 간부회를 열다 caustic//like acid, corrosive, sarcastic, incisive, mordacious, mordant, pungent, trenchant//부식성의, 신랄한, 통렬한 cavalier//1. arrogant, haughty 2. carefree, casual //기사(knight), (여성에게)예의바른 사내; 1. 거만한 2. 진지함이 없는 cavil//quibble, carp, dissent, raise trivial objection//흠잡다, 트집잡다 / 트집잡기 celibacy//abstinence from sex//독신, 독신생활, 금욕 censure//condemn, blame, criticize, denounce, denunciate, rebuke, reprehend, reprimand, reproach, reprobate, reprove cerebral//brainy, intellectual, pertaining to the brain or intellect//대뇌의, 지적인,지성에 호소하는 chaff//1. worthless stuff 2. banter //1. 왕겨, 여물, 하찮은 잡동사니 2. (악의 없는)놀림 / 악의없이 놀리다 chagrin//mortification, vexation, disappointment//(실패, 패배의)억울함, 분함 / 억울하게 하다 chameleon//lizard that changes color in different situations//카멜레온, 변덕장이 champion//advocate, vindicate, defend, support//옹호하다, 지지하다 channel//direct, cause to follow a certain path//수로, 해협; 수로를 트다 charisma//divine gift, great popular charm or appeal of a political leader//재능, 권능, 권위, 비상한 매력 charlatan//fraud, con man, quack, mountebank, pretender to knowledge//허풍선이, 엉터리 돌팔이 의사 chasm//deep and gaping hole, crevice, gorge, abyss//깊게 갈라진 틈, 깊은 구렁, 심연, 나락, (벽.돌담)균열, 의견차이 chaste//pure, unadorned, decent, immaculate, stainless, unblemished, undefiled, unsullied//순결한, 순수한, 꾸미지않은 chastise//punish, discipline, castigate, chasten//응징하다, 징벌하다 cherub//supercede child, angel//체루빔, 지품천사, 예쁘고 순진한 어린이 chicanery//deceitfulness, artifice, trickery, deception, machination, plot, subterfuge, stratagem, ruse//꾸며댐, 발뺌, 속임수 chimera//illusion, foolish fancy//망상, 괴물 chivalrous//(중세)기사도의, 존경할만한(honorable), 정중한(courteous, polite), 용감한(gallant) //cf. cavalier: 거만한, 경솔한 choleric//quick to anger, hot-tempered, bilious, splenetic, irascible, testy, touchy//성마른, 화 잘 내는 chortle//chuckle with glee//(좋아)깔깔 웃다, 아주 좋아하다, 깔깔웃음 chronic//constant, habitual, lasting along time, inveterate, long-established as a disease//만성의 고질적인, 오래 끄는 chronicle//a record of events in order of time//연대, 편년사, 기록 churl//rude person, boor, bad-tempered person, lout, clod//성미 까다로운 사람 chutzpah//brazenness, audacity//뻔뻔스러움, 철면피 cipher//zero, nonentity, code, solution to code//0(영), 실체 없는 것, 암호, 암호작성법(해독법) / 암호를 쓰다 circuitous//roundabout, indirect//도는 길의, 우회의, 에두르는, 간접적인, 넌지시 말하는, 완곡한 circumlocution//indirect or roundabout expression, euphemism, roundabout//에둘러 말함, 완곡한 표현, 핑계 circumnavigate//sail or travel all the way around//(세계.섬 등을)주항하다 circumscribe//draw a line around, define, restrict, limit, confine//주위에 경계선을 긋다, 주위를 둘러싸다, 제한하다,외접하다 circumspect//prudent, cautious, chary, considerate, discreet//조심성 있는, 신중한, 용의주도한 circumvent//baffle, balk, foil, thwart, frustrate as though by surrounding//좌절시키다, 방해하다, (법, 규칙, 어려움)회피하다 citadel//fort, fortress, stronghold, bastion, bulwark//(도시의)성, 요새 civil//polite, civilized, courteous//예의바른, 정중한, 시민의, 민간의 clandestine//covert, furtive, stealthy, surreptitious, concealed ,secret (for an evil or subversive purpose)//비밀의, 남 몰래하는 classic//top-notch, of the highest quality, serving as a standard or model//일류의, 초 고급의, 표준의, 모범의 cleave//cling, split, dissect, sever, sunder//...을 쪼개다, 쪼개지다, ...을 해치고 나가다 clemency//disposition to be lenient, mildness as of the weather, lenity, mercy, forgiveness//(기후의) 온화, 관대, 인정많은 cliche//banality, commonplace, platitude, prosaism, bromide//(진부한)판에 박은 문구, 진부한 표현, 상투적인 문구 climatic//having to do with the climate//기후의 clique//small exclusive group, coterie//(배타적인)도당, 파벌 / 도당을 이루다 cloister//monastery or convent//회랑, 수도원, 조용한 외딴곳, 은둔생활 / 은둔생활을 하다 clone//유전자 복제, 무성생식 증가, 복제(복사) / 복제하다 clout//a blow, influence//(주먹.손바닥으로)때림, (정치적인)권력, 영향력, [표적에]적중, 명중 cloy//cause to feel too full, surfeit//싫증나다, 물리다 coalesce//unite, combine, fuse, adhere, associate, cling, conjoin, mingle, stick//유착하다, 합체하다, 합동(연합)하다 coalition//union//연합, 그룹 coddle//pamper//귀하게 기르다, 응석을 받아주다 coerce//force//…하라고 윽박지르다, 강제하다, 위압하다, 강요하다 cogent//convincing, persuasive, solid, valid//사람을 납득시키는, 설득력 있는 cogitate//ponder, cerebrate, deliberate, reflect, speculate, meditate, think over//생각하다, 숙고하다, 고안(계획)하다 cognitive//mental//인식을 다루는, 인식의, 인식력이 있는 cognizant//knowing, aware, conscious, perceptive//인식하고 있는, 알고 있는 coherent//1. holding together 2. consistent, make sense//1. 밀착하는, 응집성의 2. 일관된; 명확한, 이해하기쉬운 cohort//a group, troops//한패, 동아리, 보병대, 군대, 일대, 일단 colloquial//conversational, pertaining to conversational or common speech//구어체의, 담화체의 collusion//complicity, connivance, conspiracy, secret cooperation, conspiring in a fraudulent scheme//공모, 결탁 commemorate//honor the memory, serve as a memorial to//...의 기념이 되다, ...을 기념하다 commensurate//proportionate, equal in extent//같은 양의, 같은 시간의, 균형 잡힌 commiserate//feel or express pity or sympathy for, sympathize with, compassionate, pity//가엾게 여기다, 동정하다 commodious//spacious and comfortable, roomy, capacious//(집.방 등이)넓은, 널찍한, 편리한 compatible//harmonious, agreeable, congenial, congruous, sympathetic, consistent//조화되는, 조화하는, 적합한 compelling//forceful, causing to yield//...하지 않을 수 없는, 강제적인 compendium//abridgment, digest, epitome, syllabus, brief comprehensive summary//대요, 개략,요약, 개론, 일람표 competent//capable, qualified//유능한, (법정)자격이 있는, 합법적인, 허용되는 compile//gather together//하나로 종합하다, 집계하다 complacent//overly pleased with oneself, contented to a fault, self-satisfied, self-contented//자기 만족의, 마음에 흡족한 complement//that which completes, supplement//보완물 / 보충하여 완전케하다, 보완(보충)하다 //cf. implement: 이행하다,도구 complicity//collusion, connivance, implication, machination, participation, involvement//공모, 공범, 연루 comply//act or be in accordance//(명령.요구.규칙에)응하다, 따르다, 동의하다 composed//calm, tranquil / be composed of//침착한, 차분한; ...으로 구성되어 있는 comprehensive//1. covering or including everything, overall 2. apprehensive//1. 포괄적인 2. 이해가 빠른 comprise//consist of//구성되다, 포함하다, 품다 compromise//타협, 양보, 화해, 절충안 / 1. 타협하다, 화해하다 2. (경솔, 어리석음따위로)안전을 위태롭게 하다 compunction//remorse, contrition, penance, penitence, punctiliousness, rue, scrupulousness//양심의 가책, 회한, 뉘우침, 후회 concave//curved inward//오목한 <-> convex concede//acknowledge as true or right, admit, grant or yield, avow//인정하다, 양보하다, 용인하다 concentric//having a common center//(원,구가)중심이 같은, 집중적인 concert//combined action, agreement//제휴, 협력, 협약, 협조, 조화, 일치, 콘서트 conciliatory//propitiatory, making peace, attempting to resolve a dispute through goodwill//달래는, 융화적인, 회유적인 concise//compendious, pithy, terse, succinct, brief and compact, laconic//간결한, 간명한 concoct//create by mixing ingredient, make up or devise//...을 뒤섞어서 만들다,조합하다, 조제하다, 꾸며내다 concomitant//accompaniment, following from, that which accompanies//부수적으로 따라생기는, 동시에 일어나는 / 부수물 concord//accord, concordance, consonance, harmony, agreement//의견의 일치, 조화, 협정 concurrent//contemporary, simultaneous, synchronous, co-operating, happening at the same time//동시 발생의, 협동의 condescend//1. stoop, patronize//1. (좋은뜻에서)자신을 낮추어 …하다 2. (나쁜뜻에서) 자신을 낮추어…하다, 생색내다 condone//permit to happen, overlook, forgive//묵과하다, 용서하다 conducive//helpful, promoting//도움이 되는, 증진에 이바지하는 confederate//ally, accomplice//동맹자(국), 연합자(국), 공모자 / 연합한, 동맹한 / 동맹하다, 연합하다 confer//1. bestow 2. exchange idea, consult with//1. 수여하다, 주다 2. 의논(상의)하다, 회담하다 confidant//acquaintance, intimate//(비밀 등을 털어놓을 수 있는) 믿을 만한(극친한) 친구 configuration//arrangement//(부분.요소의)상대적 배치, 구성, 배열 conflagration//large fire//큰 화재, (전쟁.대재해의)돌발 confluence//flowing together, concise, junction//(하천의)합류, 합류점, (사람, 사물의)모임, 집합, 군중 confound//1. bewilder, perplex, nonplus 2. baffle, overthrow //1. 당황케하다, 혼동하다 2. 좌절 시키다 congeal//coagulate, solidify, jell//얼리다, 응고시키다 congenial//agreeably suitable, pleasant, amicable, amicable//같은 성질의, 마음에 맞는, 적합한, 붙임성 있는 congenital//existing at birth, innate, inborn, inbred, intrinsic, inherent, inherited//선천적인, 타고난 conjecture//speculation, supposition, surmise, deduce, infer, guess//어림짐작, 추측, 판독 / 추측하다, 판독하다 conjugal//pertaining to marriage, connubial, nuptial, marital, matrimonial//부부의, 결혼의 conjure//1.summon or bring into being as if by magic//1. 마술로 ...하다 2.마음속에 그려내다 3.간청하다, 간절히원하다 connive//1. conspire 2. scheme, plot //1. 공모하다 2. 음모를 꾸미다 3. (나쁜짓)눈감아주다, 보고도 못 본체하다, 묵인하다 connoisseur//expert (in art, taste), (미술품 등의) 감정가, 감식가 consecrate//dedicate, devote, hallow, sanctify//신성하게 하다, 정화하다, 바치다, 봉헌하다 consensus//unanimity, general agreement//(의견.증언 등의)일치, 여론, 교감 conservatory//1. greenhouse 2. a music or drama school //1. 온실 2. 미술학교, 음악학교 consign//1. entrust 2. deliver //1. 위탁하다, 위임하다, 맡기다, 자기손에서 떠나게하다 2. 탁송하다, 부치다 consolidate//combine, bring together, solidify, strengthen//합병하다, 통합하다, 강화하다, 굳건히 하다 consonant//harmonious, in agreement//조화하는, 일치하는 <-> dissonant conspicuous//easily seen, impossible to miss//확실히 보이는, 뚜렷한, 두드러진, 뛰어난, 이채를 띤, 저명한 consternation//sudden confusion//대단한 놀람, 경악 constituency//the group of voters represented by a politician, supporters//선거민, 투표자, 선거구, 지지자층, 고객층 construe//explain, interpret//해석하다, 설명하다, 분석하다; consummate//complete; perfect, flawless, impeccable; supremely skillful//완성하다; 완성된, 완전한; 유능한 contempt//disdain, disgrace, disparagement//경멸, 멸시, 업신여김, 모욕, 치욕, 창피, 수치 contentious//"quarrelsome, bellicose, belligerent, militant, pugnacious, argumentative, controversial, disputatious, polemical// 다투기 좋아하는, 논쟁하기 좋아하는, 논쟁을 불러일으키는, 소송의" contiguous//adjacent to, touching upon, near, abutting//접촉하는, 인접하는 contingent//1.dependent, conditional 2.uncertain, accidental, possible//1. …여하에달린 2. 불확실한, 우연의 3. 대 집단(함대) continuum//a continuous whole without clear division into parts//연속, 연속체 contraband//illegal trading, smuggling, smuggled good//밀매매(품), 밀수(품) / 금지의 contretemps//an embarrassing occurrence, a mishap//공교로운 사건, 뜻밖의 사고 contrite//admitting guilt, remorseful, penitent, repentant, compunctious//죄를 깊이 뉘우치는, 회개하는 contrived//artificial, labored//인위적인, 고안한, 발명한, 부자연스러운 contumely//rudeness, arrogance, scornful insolence, insult//(언어.태도의)오만 불손, 모욕(적인 취급) conundrum//puzzle, riddle, enigma, mystery//수수께끼, 어려운 문제, 수수께끼 같은 사람(사물) convene//gather together, meet, assemble, convoke, summon//(모임,회의를)소집하다, 소환하다, 회합하다 conventional//1. common, customary, unexceptional, orthodox//1. 전통적인, 관습적인 2. 틀에박힌, 형식적인 3. 협정의 conversant//familiar with, experienced, acquainted//(..에) 정통한(with, in, about), (..와)친교가 있는(with) converse//1. opposite, antithesis, contrary, contradictory 2. conversation / talk//1. (의견.진술 등이) 반대, 역 2. 대화 / 이야기하다 convey//transport, communicate, conduct//운송하다, (사상, 견해등을) 전달하다, (법률) (토지,재산), 양도하다 conviction//1. strong belief, confidence 2. a determination of guilt //1. 신념, 확신, 2. 유죄의 판결(평가) convivial//festive, gay, jocund, jolly, boon//연회를 좋아하는, 쾌활한 convolution//twist or turn, act of twisting//회선, 둘둘 말림, (논의 등의)얽힘, 분규 copious//abundant, plentiful, bounteous, plenteous//풍부한, 지식이 풍부한, 대량의 cordial//gracious, warm, sincere / tonic //1. 충심으로부터의, 우정어린, 인정있는, 성심 성의의 2. 강장제 corollary//sth that follows, a natural consequence or conclusion//자연적인(당연한) 결론, 자명한것 corporeal//tangible, having substance, bodily, material//신체상의, 육체적인, 물질적인, 유형의, 실체가 있는<->spiritual correlation//mutual relationship, interrelation//상관시킴, 상관성(관계), 상호관계 corroborate//confirm, authenticate, justify, substantiate, validate, verify//(소신.진술 등을)확실하게 하다, 확증하다, 입증하다 corrosive//erosive, eating away by chemicals//부식성의, [정신적으로] 좀 먹는, 신랄한 corrugated//shaped with folds or waves//물결 모양의, 주름이 있는, 골진 cosmopolitan//전 세계적인, 세계주의의, 전세계적으로 분포하는 coterie//group that meets socially, select circle, clique//(사교계의)친구, 동인, 그룹 countenance//1. face, facial expression 2. approbate, espouse //1. 표정, 안색, 2. 찬성하다, 지지하다 coup//(불시의)일격, 쿠데타, 대히트, 대성공, 큰 인기 covenant//solemn agreement, contract, pledge, compact, convention, transaction//계약, 서약 / 계약하다 covert//covered, secret, hidden, clandestine, furtive, stealthy, surreptitious, implied//비밀의, 덮여 있는, 사람눈에 띄지않는 covet//wish for enviously//탐내다, 선망하다, 갈망하다, 열망하다 cower//wimp, cringe, quail, wince, shrink away or huddle up in fear, crouch//(추위,공포,고통,수치로)움츠리다, 위축하다 crass//very unrefined, stupid, grossly insensible, coarse, gross, raw, uncouth//어리석은, 우둔한, 투박한, 거친 craven//cowardly, poltroons, pusillanimous//비겁한, 겁많은 / 겁쟁이 / 겁나게 하다 credulous//gullible, eager to believe//(남의 말등을)잘 믿는, 속기 쉬운, 경솔히 잘 믿는 데서 오는 crescendo//gradual increase in the volume of sound in a musical passage//크레센도, 힘, 음량이 점점 강해짐 crestfallen//dejected, dispirited, downcast, depressed, disconsolate//풀이 죽은, 맥빠진, 기운 없는 crevice//narrow split, crack, fissure, breach, cleft//(좁고 깊은) 갈라진 틈 cringe//1. shrink back with fear, cower, quail, wince 2. to be servile or suck u //1. (겁이나서)움츠리다 2. (윗사람)굽실거리다 criterion//basis for judgment, standard used in judging//(판단.비판의)표준, 기준, 특징 critique//a critical review//비평[문], 평론[문], 비평법, 비평술 crux//central point, core, gist, essence//가장 중요한 점, (가장 해결하기 어려운)난점 cryptic//mystifying, mysterious, hidden, secret, clandestine, abstruse, enigmatic//숨은, 비밀의, 신비적인 cuisine//style of cooking, gastronomy//요리, 요리법 culinary//relating to cooking//부엌(용)의, 요리(조리)의 cull//pick out from among many way, select 2.collect / reject//1. 추려내다, 발췌하다 2. 추려모으다 / 쓸모없어 추려낸것 culminate//to climax, to reach full effect//정점에 이르다, 자오선상에 이르다, 끝나게 하다 culpable//deserving blame, guilty, blamable, censurable, impeachable, indictable, reprehensible//비난받아 마땅한, 죄 있는 curb//restrain or control, shackle, fetter//(말에)재갈을 물리다, 구속하다, 억제하다 / (말의)고삐, 재갈, 구속, 억제 curmudgeon//difficult and bad-tempered person, churl, miserly individual person//심술궂은 사람, 인색한 사람 cursory//quick and hurried, done without attention and detail, hasty, superficial, perfunctory//대강대강한, 피상적인 curtail//cut short, shorten, reduce, abbreviate, abridge, retrench//줄이다, 단축하다, 삭감하다, …에게서 일부를 빼앗다 cynic//one who deeply distrust humane nature, one who is skeptical//비꼬는 사람, 빈정대는 사람 daunt//make fearful, appall, dismay, horrify, intimidate//놀라게 하다, discourage, …의 기세를 꺽다, 으르다 dearth//scarcity, lack, deficiency//결핍, 부족, 기근 debacle//violent breaking down, sudden overthrow, downfall//강 얼음의 깨짐, 시세의 폭락, 큰재난, 대혼란, 붕괴, 괴멸 debase//lower in quality or value, degrade, abase, demean, humble, humiliate//(품질,가치를)저하시키다 debauchery//wild living, intemperance//타락, 방탕, 주색에 빠짐 debilitate//weaken, enfeeble, cripple, attenuate, extenuate//약화시키다, 쇠약하게 하다 debunk//express the nonsense, falseness or exaggerated claims of, divulge//(잘못된, 과장된) 정체를 폭로하다 decadent//decaying or decayed (in moral), 쇠퇴기에 접어든, 퇴폐적인 decimate//kill or destroy a large part of (usually one of ten), genocide//열명에 하나씩 죽이다, 많은 사람을 죽이다 decorous//proper, in good taste, orderly//예의바른, 점잖은, 단정한, 기품이 있는, 근엄한 decree//official order usually having the force of law, behest, edict//법령, 포고, (재판소의)명령, 판결 / 명하다, 포고하다 decry//belittle, depreciate, derogate, detract, devaluate, lower, denounce, disparage//비난하다, 헐뜯다 deduce//conclude from the evidence, infer//연역하다, 추론하다 deem//judge, consider//…이라고 생각하다 defame//ruin the good name of, libel or slender//명예를 훼손하다, 비방하다 deference//submission to another will, courteous regard for another's wish, respect, obeisance, reverence//복종, 존경, 경의 deficit//shortage especially of money//결손, 부족, 적자(↔surplus) defile//make filthy or foul, pollute, profane, sully, besmirch//더럽히다, 불결하게 하다, ...의 신성을 더럽히다(desecrate) definitive//conclusive, final, ultimate, complete//결정적인, 최종적인, 일정한, 명확한, 한정된 deft//skillful//솜씨 좋은, 능숙한 defunct//dead, no longer in effect or existence, extinct, vanished//소멸한, 죽은, 현존하지 않는 degenerate//deteriorate, vitiate, retrograde, deprave / reprobate //1. 나빠지다, 퇴보하다 2. 퇴보한, 타락한; 타락자, 퇴화동물 degrade//lower in dignity or status, vitiate, deteriorate, corrupt//지위를 낮추다, 품위를 떨어뜨리다 deign//stoop, condescend, vouchsafe//굴욕을 참고 … 하다, 자신을 낮추어 …하다 deity//god or goddess//신위, 신격, 신성 dejected//depressed, disheartened//낙담하다, 풀죽다, 낙담한, 기운 없는 delectable//delightful, pleasant, blithe//즐거운, 유쾌한 deleterious//harmful, baneful, baleful, detrimental, injurious, nocuous, pernicious//해로운, 유독한 delineate//draw in outline, describe accurately, depict//윤곽을 그리다, 묘사하다 delinquent//neglecting a duty or law, late in payment//태만한, 비행의, 체납되어 있는 delude//deceive, beguile//속이다, 속여서 …하게하다, 매혹시키다, 꼬시다 deluge//1. a flood, inundation, spate //1. 대홍수, 범람, 호우, (방문객, 편지 등의)쇄도; 범람시키다, 쇄도하다 delve//search or study intensively, investigate, probe//탐구하다 demagogue//person who appeals to people's prejudices, agitator, fomenter, inciter, instigator//선동정치가 demeanor//behavior, manner, bearing, comportment, mien//행동, 태도 demise//death, defunction//죽음, 사망 demography//인구 통계학 demur//to voice opposition, object//이의를 말하다, 반대하다 demure//1. serious, sober, solemn, reserved, sedate 2. shy //1. 침착한, 진지한 2. 수줍어하는, 수줍은체하는, 새침때기의 denizen//inhabitant, resident, dweller//주민, 귀화인, 국적 취득자, 서식동물 denomination//classification, category name//계급, 종류, 명명 denote//signify, indicate, mark//나타내다, 표시하다, 의미하다 denounce//condemn, censure, reprehend, reprobate//비난하다, 고발하다 depict//portray, delineate, describe//묘사하다, 서술하다 deplete//decrease the supply of, reduce, drain, exhaust, use up//고갈시키다, 비우다, 다써버리다 deplore//1. regret, lament, bemoan 2. express strong disapproval of, condemn //1. ~을 한탄하다 2. 비난하다, 개탄하다 deploy//to station soldier or armaments strategically//(군사)전개하다, 전개시키다, 행동에 옮기다 depose//1. remove from office or position of power 2. testify //1. (고관직에서)퇴위하다, (왕을) 폐하다 2. 증언하다, 입증하다 depravity//corruption, wickedness, turpitude//타락, 부패, 사악, 비행 deprecate//1. express disapproval of, disapprove, discountenance, dissent 2. to be little, depreciate //1. 반대하다 2. 얕보다 depredate//prey upon, plunder, pillage//약탈하다 //cf. deprecate: 얕보다(depreciate), 반대하다 derelict//deserted, abandoned, remiss, neglectful, negligent, delinquent//버려진, 버림받은, 유기된, 직무 태만의 deride//mock. ridicule, laugh at contemptuously, scoff at//조롱하다 derogatory//disapproving, degrading, pejorative, depreciatory//(명예,품격,가치 등을)손상시키는, 가치를 떨어뜨리는, 경멸적인 desecrate//defile, pollute, profane//신성한것을 속되게쓰다 desiccate//dry out, dehydrate//건조하다, 말려서 보존하다 desist//stop doing, cease//단념하다, 그만두다 despondent//extremely depressed, full of despair, dejected, disconsolate, dispirit, downcast//기가 죽은, 의기 소침한, 낙담한 despot//absolute ruler, autocrat//독재자, 폭군, 전체군주 destitute//utterly lacking, extremely poor, indigent, impecunious, penurious//결핍한, ~이 없는, 가난한 desultory//without plan or purpose, aimless, disconnected, random, haphazard, discursive//산만한, 일관성 없는, 주제를 벗어난, 종잡을 수 없는 devout//deeply religious, pious, fervent, revering, venerating, worshiping//독실한, 경건한, 열심인, 성실한 dialectical//relating to discussion, rules and methods of reasoning//변증법의, 논리의, 논법의 diatribe//bitter and violent attack in words, abusive denunciation, invective, harangue, tirade//통렬한 비판, 혹평 dichotomy//division into two parts especially contradictory ones, divergence//2분하는 일, 2분법, 나누어짐, 분지 dictum//1. proverb, maxim, authoritative an weighty statement //1. 명언, 격언 2. 선언, 언명 didactic//intended to teach, morally instructive, exhortative, hortative, moral, sermonic//교훈적인 diffident//timid, lacking in self-confidence//자신 없는, 사양하는, 겂많은, 내성적인, 수줍은 diffuse//cause to spread out, disperse or disseminate//발산하다 / 퍼진, 흩어진, 군소리가 많은 digress//stray from the main subject, deflect, deviate, diverge//본제를 벗어나다, 지엽으로 흐르다, 탈선하다 dilapidated//broken-down, fallen into ruin, marred//(건물등이) 파손된, 허물어진, 황폐화된 dilate//1. become wider, larger, expand 2. speak or write at length //1. 팽창하다(시키다) 2. 알기쉬게 상세히 쓰다(말하다) dilemma//problem, choice of two unsatisfactory alternatives, predicament, perplexity, bewilderment//진퇴양난, 궁지 dilettante//someone with superficial knowledge of act, amateur, dabbler//아마추어 애호가, 어설픈 지식을 가진 사람 diminution//lessening, reduction in size//감소, 축소 dire//warning of disaster, dreadful, terrible, desperate, disastrous, apocalyptic//무시무시한, 급박한, 긴급한 dirge//funeral song, musical lament, requiem, monody, elegy, threnody//만가, 애도가, 장송가 disaffect//cause to lose affection, estrange, alienate//...에게 반감을 품게 하다, ...의 호의를 잃게 하다, 배반하다 disarray//disorder, confusion, muddle//혼란, 난잡, 단정치 못한 복장 / 흐트러지다, 혼란시키다 discern//have insight, see things clearly, discriminate, differentiate//분별하다, 식별하다, 인식하다 disclaim//disown, disavow, repudiate, deny any claim to, renounce claim to//포기하다, 관계를 부인하다 discomfit//put to rout; defeat; disconcert, frustrate, confuse//쳐부수다, ...의계획을 좌절시키다, 당황케하다 disconcert//confuse, upset, embarrass, baffle, perturb//당황하게 하다,좌절 시키다,혼란 시키다 discourse//speech lecture sermon treatise //연설, 강의, 설교, 논문, 이야기하다, 설교하다 discreet//prudent, judiciously reserved//분별있는, 생각이 깊은, 신중한 discrepancy//difference, inconsistency, alterity, dissemblance, dissimilarity, distinction, divergence//모순, 불일치, 어긋남 discrete//separate, unconnected, distract//분리한, 구별된, 개별적인, 추상적인 discriminate//discern, differentiate//구별하다, 판별하다, 차별하다 discursive//digressing, digressive, desultory, rambling//산만한, 종잡을 수 없는 disdain//despise, scorn, contempt//경멸하다 / 경멸 disgruntle//make sulky and dissatisfied, make discontented, grumble//...을 언짢게 하다, ...에 불평을 품게하다 disinformation//false information//그릇된 정보(특히 적의 간첩을 속이기 위한) disinterested//dispassionate, impartial, neutral, unprejudiced, not taking sides, unbiased//사심이 없는, 공평한 dismal//causing gloom or dread, somber, morose, dreary//음침한, 어두운, 쓸쓸한, 우울한, 참담한 dismay//fill with dread, discourage, perturb//경악케하다, 당황케 하다 / 당황, 경악 disparage//abuse, decry, depreciate, derogate, detract, belittle, disdain//얕보다, 헐뜯다, 비방하다, 명예를 해치다 disparate//basically different, incompatible, unequal, dissimilar, distinct, diverse, unrelated//본질적으로 다른, 공통점이 없는 dispassionate//equitable, unbiased, unprejudiced, unaffected by passion, impartial//냉정한, 공정한 disperse//scatter, spread widely, disseminate, dispel, dissipate//흩어지게 하다, 산란시키다 dispirit//discourage, dishearten, lose spirit//낙심시키다, ...의 기력을 빼앗다 disposition//1. arrangement 2. characteristic attitude, state of mind 3. inclination//1. 배열, 배치 2. 성격, 기질 3. 경향, 성향 disproportionate//out of proportion, too much or too little//어울리지 않는, 조화되지 않는, 불균형한 disquiet//make uneasy//동요시키다, 불안하게 하다 / 불안, 동요 dissemble//disguise, pretend, feign, camouflage, dissimulate//(성격, 행위 등을) 가장하여(위선적)행동하다,인체하다, 속이다 disseminate//spread the seeds of sth, scatter, diffuse, disperse, propagate, radiate, make widely known//흩뿌리다, 퍼뜨리다 dissent//disagree, demur, discord, deprecate, withhold approval//의견을 달리하다, 이의를 말하다, (영국 교회에) 반대하다 disservice//a harmful action, an ill turn//해로운 행위, 불친절한 행위 dissident//disagreeing / dissenter // 반대하는, 의견을 달리하는; 반대자 dissipate//1.(cause to) thin out, drift away or dissolve 2. squander, fritter//1. 흩뜨려 사라지다(게하다) 2. 낭비하다, 방탕하다 dissolution//breaking up or dissolving of sth into part, disintegration//용해, 분해, 해산, 소멸, 사멸 dissonant//inharmonious, incompatible <-> consonant dissuade//persuade not to, advice against, discourage//단념 시키다 distend//expand, extend, dilate, inflate, swell out//부풀다, 부풀리다, 팽창시키다, 과장시키다 distinct//1. separate, different 2. clear and unmistakable //1. 별개의, 독특한 2. 확실한, 뚜렷한 distinguish//tell apart, cause to stand out//구별하다, 분별하다, 눈에 띄게 하다 diurnal//1. daily //1. 매일의, 날마다의 2. 낮동안의 <-> nocturnal divine//intuit, prophesy//신의, 신성의; 점치다, 예언하다 / 신학자, 목사 divulge//reveal, disclose, debunk//비밀을 누설하다, 폭로하다 docile//easily taught, easy to handle, obedient, amenable, tractable, pliant, malleable//유순한,가르치기쉬운, 다루기쉬운 doctrinaire//dogmatic, theoretical, unpractical, authoritarian, authoritative, dictative, dictatorial//독단적인, 이론적인 / 공론가 document//support with evidence, especially written evidence//문서로 증명하다 dogmatic//authoritarian, authoritative, dictative, doctrinaire, arbitrary, dictatorial//독단적인, 교의의, 교리의 doldrums//low spirit, state of inactivity, dejection, depression//우울, 의기소침, 침울, 침체기, 정체기 doleful//sorrowful, filled with grief, dolorous, plaintive//슬픔에 잠긴, 음울한 dolt//stupid person, dunce//얼간이, 바보 domestic//having to do with the household or family//가정의, 집의, 국내의, 국산의, 길들여진 dormant//sleeping, lethargic, torpid, inactive, latent, potential, quiescent//동면의, 잠자는, 활동 휴지 중인 dotage//senility, foolish affection (of old person)//노망, 노쇠 <-> adolescence double entendre//이중의미 dour//1. stern, severe, stubborn 2. sullen, morose, surly, forbidding, gloomy //1. 엄한, 가혹한 2. 뚱한, 시무룩한, 우울한 downcast//dejected, depressed//풀이 죽은, 눈을 내리뜬, 고개를 숙인 downplay//minimize, represent as being insignificant, play down//...을 중시하지 않다, 얕보다, 가볍게 말하다 draconian//harsh, severe, cruel//(법률이)엄격한, 가혹한 droll//humorous, comic, ludicrous, queer and amusing//익살스러운 dross//slag, waste matter, worthless impurities//[녹은 금속의]불순물, 가치 없는 것, 찌꺼기 dubious//full of doubt, doubtful, equivocal, suspect, skeptical, uncertain//의심스러운, 수상한, 미정의, 불명한 duplicity//the act of being two-faced, double-dealing, deception, hypocrisy, deceit, guile//이중성, 표리부동, 불성실 duress//coercion, compulsion, forcible restraint especially unlawfully, constraint//(불법의)속박, 감금, 강제 ebb//lessen, abate, moderate, relent, subside, wane, diminish, recede//줄어들다, 쇠퇴하다 / 썰물, 감퇴 ebullient//boiling, showing excitement, overflowing with enthusiasm, exuberant//액체가끓는, 끓어넘치는, 열광적인 eccentric//not conventional, little kooky, irregular, erratic, idiosyncratic//편심의, 정상을 벗어난, 보통과다른, 괴상한, 별난 ecclesiastical//having to do with church, clerical, sacerdotal//교회의, 성직의 eclectic//choosing the best, drawn from many sources//절충하는, 취사선택적인, 다방면에 걸친(얽매이지 않은) eclipse//2.decline / 2.adumbrate, dim, murk, surpass, outshine//1. 일식,월식 2. 쇠퇴 / 1. 일식,월식을 일으키다 2. 능가하다 ecosystem//생태계 edict//an official decree//칙령, 법령, 포고 edifice//a big, imposing building//대 건축물, 조직, 체계 edify//enlighten, improve in moral or mind, illuminate, instruct//지력을 계발하다, 교양을 높이다, edifying book-교양서적 efface//rub out, erase, delete, expunge, obliterate//문질러 지우다, 삭제하다, 존재를 희미하게 만들다 effectual//effective, efficacious, efficient, adequate//효과적인, 유효한, 유력한, 충분한 efficacy//effectiveness, potency, power to produce desire effect//효력, 효능 effigy//dummy//(나쁜뜻으로 만든) 상, 초상, 모델 인형 effusion//pouring forth, ejection, emanation, emission, extrusion//액체, 향기 따위의 유출, 발산, 감정의 토로, 발로 egalitarian//평등주의자 egocentric//selfish, believing that one is the center of everything//자기 중심적인, 자기 본위의 egregious//extremely bad, flagrant, gross and shocking//매우나쁜, 터무니 없는(나쁜뜻에서) elation//a rise in spirits, exaltation, feeling of great joy//의기 양양, 매우 기뻐함 electorate//voters//유권자, 선거민 elegy//poem of song of sorrow for the dead, dirge, requiem, threnody//(죽은사람을 위한)애가, 비가 elicit//bring out, draw out , call forth, educe, evince, extract//…을 이끌어내다, 나오게하다, 꾀어내다, 연역하다 elite//best or most select group//선발된 사람들 elliptical//oval; missing a word or words; obscure//타원의, 생략의, 생략되어 모호한 elocution//the art of public speaking//웅변술 elusive//hard to pin down, evasive, elusory; baffling, hard to grasp//교묘히 빠져나가는, 피해 달아나려는; 잘 알 수 없는 emaciate//make extremely thin through starvation or illness//...을 여위게 하다, 쇠약하게 하다 emanate//emit, exude, come forth, issue forth, stem//…에서 나오다, 흘러나오다, (빛, 열, 소리 따위가)발산하다 emancipate//liberate, manumit, release, unshackle, free from bondage or restraint, set free, extricate//해방하다 embargo//항내 출입금지, 통상 금지 / 금지하다, 몰수하다 embellish//adorn, decorate, garnish//장식하다 embody//personify, give physical form to//(정신)에 형체(육체)를 주다, (사상 따위를) 구체적으로 나타내다 embroil//throw into confusion, implicate, involve in conflict, entangle//(분쟁,전쟁)끌어들이다, 혼란시키다,복잡하게 하다 embryonic//undeveloped, rudimentary, basal, elementary//태아의, 미발달의 emigrate//move to a new place to live, expatriate//타국으로 이주하다, 이주시키다 eminent//well-known and respect, outstanding, high, lofty, prominent//우수한, 유명한, 현저한 emissary//envoy//사절, 특사, 밀사 empathy//identification with the feeling or thoughts of another//감정이입 empirical//experiential, based on experience or observation, not merely theoretical//경험적인, 경험상의, 경험주의의 empower//give power or authority to//...에게 권한을 부여하다, 권력을 위임하다 emulate//strive to equal or excel usually through imitation, rival, compete, contend, vie//(모방을 통하여) 경쟁하다 encroach//make gradual or stealthy inroads into, trespass//서서히 침입하다, 침범하다, 침해하다 endear//make dear, make beloved//...을 사랑받게 하다, 따르게 하다, 사모하게 하다 endemic//native, aboriginal, indigenous, restricted to a particular region or era//한 지역 고유의, 풍토병의, 풍토병 enervate//reduce the strength or energy gradually, weaken, debilitate, devitalize, disable, unnerve//쇠약하게 하다 enfranchise//1. franchise //1. 선거권을 주다, 2. 노예를 해방하다 engaging//charming, pleasing, attractive//매력적인, 애교있는 engender//bring into existence, create, cause, produce, arouse, generate, induce, provoke//야기시키다, 발생하다 enigma//puzzle, mystery, conundrum, riddle//수수께끼, 수수께끼의 인물, 불가사의한 사물 enmity//ill will, deep hatred, animosity, animus, antagonism, antipathy, hostility, rancor//적의, 앙심, 증오, 적대 ennui//listless lack of interest, boredom//권태, 지루함 enormity//1. extreme evil, hideous offense 2. immensity, hugeness(in a bad sense) //1. 극악무도, 범죄행위, 2. 엄청난 크기 ensue//follow, succeed, result//계속되다, 잇따라 일어나다, [결과로서] 생기다, 일어나다 entail//have as a necessary consequence, involve//수반하다 , … 을 필요로 하다 entity//real thing, existence//실재, 실체, 본체 entreat//ask earnestly, beg, beseech, implore, importune, supplicate, plead//간청하다, 탄원하다, 부탁하다, 빌다 entrepreneur//business man, contractor//기업가, 사업주, (특히)가극의 흥행주, 중개업자; enumerate//numerate, name one by one, list//일일이 헤아리다, 열거하다, 세다 envision//imagine, foresee, envisage//(장래의 일 등을)마음에 그리다, 상상하다, 계획하다 ephemeral//lasting very short time, short-lived, evanescent, momentary, temporary, transient, fleeting//하루밖에못사는,단명한 epicure//connoisseur of food and drink, gastronomist, gourmand, gourmet, bon vivant//미식가, 식도락가 epigram//brief and usually witty or satirical saying, apothegm//경구, 경구적 표현 epigraph//apt quotation//적절한 인용구 epilogue//short speech at conclusion of dramatic work, apologue//맺음말, 후기 <-> prologue epitaph//inscription in memory of a dead person//(묘)비명 epithet//characterizing term, descriptive word or phrase//성질을 나타내는 형용사 epitome//1. summary, abstract, synopsis 2. perfect example, paradigm //1. 발췌, 개요, 요약, 줄거리 2. 대표적인 것, 견본, 전형 epoch//era, period of time, aeon, eon//신기원, 신시대, (중대사건이 있던)시대 equanimity//composure, calmness of temperament, aplomb, phlegm, poise, sangfroid, serenity//(마음의)평정, 침착, 냉정 equestrian//rider on horseback//말에 올라탄, 마상의, 기수의, 마(馬)술의 equine//horse-like//말, 말의, 말과 같은 equitable//fair, impartial//공평한, 공정한 equivocal//1. doubtful, ambiguous, confusing, vague 2. suspicious //1. 두개가 양립하여 모호한, 애매한 2. 의심스러운, 수상한 erudite//deeply learned, scholarly//박식한, 유식한, 서적 등의 학문적인 esoteric//hard to understand, abstruse, hermetic, recondite, understood by only a select few, peculiar//심원한,난해한,비법의 espouse//1. support, advocate, embrace, countenance //1. 지지하다, 옹호하다 2. 배우자로 삼다 estimable//1. worthy of admiration 2. capable of being estimated //1. 존중(존경)할(받을) 만한 2. 평가할 수 있는 estrange//make unfriendly or hostile, cause to feel removed from//남의 애정을 멀어지게 하다, ...을 멀리하다, 이간하다 ethereal//1. heavenly 2. as light and insubstantial as gas or ether //1. 천상의, 상공의 2. 공기같은, 가벼운, 에테르의 ethics//윤리학, 도덕론 eulogy//(speech or writing full of) high praise, compliment, encomium, panegyric//찬미하는 글(말) euphemism//mild expression in place of an unpleasant one, circumlocution, roundabout, rhetoric//완곡 어법, 미화법 evanescent//quickly fading, fleeting, vanishing, ephemeral//바로 사라지는, 순간의, 덧없는, 기억에 오래남지 않는 evince//demonstrate convincingly, prove, manifest, show clearly//(감정 따위를) 분명히 나타내다,명시하다, 증명하다 evoke//summon forth, awaken, call forth, educe, elicit, evince, extract//(영,기억,감정 따위를)불러일으키다, 자아내다 exacerbate//make worse, aggravate//악화시키다 exacting//severe, extremely demanding, difficult, requiring great skill or grace//가혹한, 엄격한, (일이)고된, 힘드는 exalt//1. raise high 2. glorify, extol //1. 높이다, 승진시키다, 2. 찬양하다, 칭찬하다 exasperate//annoy thoroughly, make very angry, vex//격노케 하다, 감정을 자극하다 excise//remove by cutting//[구, 문장 따위]를 삭제하다, ...을 절개하다, 잘라내다 / 물품세, 소비세, 면허세 exemplify//illustrate by example, instance, serve as a good example//예를들다, …의 모범이 되다 exempt//excused, not subjected to, free from obligation//...을 면제하다 / 면제된 exhaustive//through, rigorous, complete, painstaking//철저한, 포괄적인, 소모적인, 고갈시키는 exhort//urge strongly, give a serious warning to//강력히 권하다, 권고하다, …하라고 윽박지르다, 훈계하다 exhume//unbury, dig out of the ground, remove from grave//...을 발굴하다, [특히](시체, 무덤)을 발굴하다 exigency//emergency, urgency, urgent situation//급박, 위급, 긴박(한 때), 급박(절박)한 사정 existential//having to do with existence, extant//존재에 관한, 실존의, 실존주의의 exodus//departure, egress, exit//[많은 사람이]나가기, 출발, [이민단 따위의] 출국, 이주, 출애굽 exonerate//free completely from blame, acquit, vindicate, exculpate//용서하다, 무죄로 하다 exorbitant//excessive//터무니없는, 엄청난 expatriate//exile, someone who has exiled / expellee //1. 국외로 추방하다, 조국을 버리다 2. 추방자, 국외이주자 expedient//immediately advantageous, serving one's immediate self-interest, practical//편리한, 유리한, 임시 방편의 expedite//speed up or ease the progress of, precipitate//재촉하다, 촉진하다 expiate//make amends for (a sin), atone for, rectify, redress//...을 보상하다, [죄 따위]의 갚음을 하다 explicate//explain in detail//[논지, 원리, 주의 따위]를 전개하여 명백히 하다, ...을 설명하다, 해설하다 explicit//clearly and directly expressed, definite, distinct, unequivocal, open//명백한, 명백히 말한, 노골적인, 숨김없는 exposition//1. explanation 2. large public exhibition //1. 설명, 해설 2. 전람회, 박람회 expostulate//to reason with sn in order to warn or dissuade//타이르다, 충고하다 expunge//erase, eliminate any trace of, remove//지우다, 말살하다 //cf. postulate: 필요조건, 공리/필요조건으로 주장하다 exquisite//extraordinarily fine or beautiful, intense//절묘한, 더할나위 없는 extant//still in existence//(기록 따위)현존하는 extol//praise, laud, eulogize, panegyrize, glorify, exalt//격찬하다, 절찬하다 extort//obtain from force, wring from, get money by threats, wrest//(약속, 돈)강탈하다, 착취하다, 억지로 우려내다 extraneous//not related to object, not essential//목적과 무관한, 불필요한, coming from outside, alien, extrinsic,외부로부터의 extrapolate//project of deduce from sth known, infer//통계에서 외삽법에 의해 추정하다, 외삽법을 행하다, 추론하다 extremity//1. 끝, 선단, 맨끝 2. (행복, 불행의)극치, 절정, 곤경, 난국 3. limb or appendage of the body, 사지(손발)// extricate//free, disentangle, emancipate//구해내다, 해방하다, 풀어주다 extrovert//open and outgoing person//외향적인 사람 exuberant//1. abundant, effusive, lavish//무성한, 풍부한 2. highly joyous or enthusiastic, ebullient, 생기넘치는 fabrication//a lie, sth made up//꾸밈, 날조, 제작, 조립, 조립부품 facade//front of the building//(건물의) 정면, (사물의)외관, 겉보기, (비유)거짓된 모습 //cf. facet: 자른면, 국면, 양상 facet//1. small plane surface, a side 2. aspect, phase //1. [보석 등의] 자른 면, 면, [사람, 사물의] 일면 2. 국면, 양상 facetious//droll, jocose, ludicrous, witty, not serious, clumsily humorous, jocular//우스운, 익살맞은, 허튼소리의 facile//1. easy, easily done 2. fluent, skillful //1. 손쉬운, 손쉽게얻은 2. 유창한, 유능한 faction//1. party, clique, sect 2. dissension //1. 당내의 당, 도당, 당파, 파벌 2. 당내 파벌싸움, 내분 fallacy//false idea//그릇된 생각(믿음); incorrectness of reasoning, 잘못된 추론 farcical//absurd, ludicrous//우스운, 익살맞은, 광대의 fastidious//meticulous, squeamish, demanding, finicky, dainty, finicky, fussy, punctilious//꼼꼼한, 까다로운, 깐깐한 fatalist//운명론가 fathom//2. understand, perceive, penetrate the meaning of //1. [수심]을 재다 2. 이해하다, [남의 마음을] 헤아리다 fatuous//silly, idiotic, foolish, asinine, silly, witless, inane//바보같은, 얼빠진 fauna//animals of a period or region//동물상, 동물군, 동물지 <-> flora faux//false//옳지 않은, 그릇된 //cf. faux pas (태도나 말에 있어서의) 실수 fawn//3. exhibit affection 4. suck up to sn//1. 어린노란사슴 2. 엷은 황갈색 3. (개가)재롱부리다 4. (사람)아첨하다 fecund//fertile, productive//다산의, 상상력이 풍부한, (토지가) 기름진 <-> futile feign//make the false representation, pretend, sham, simulate//...을 가장하다, ...인 체하다, 속이다 felicity//1. happiness 2. skillfulness, adeptness //1. 행복 2. (말, 글의) 적절함, 적절한 표현 feline//cat-like fervor//great warmth or earnestness, zeal, glowing ardor, enthusiasm, passion//열렬, 열정 fester//generate pus, decay, suppurate//[상처 따위가]곪다, 곪게 하다, 괴롭히다 fetish//object supposed to possess magical powers//[나무, 돌과 같은]신, 미신의 대상, 페티즘의 대상물 fetter//shackle / manacle, restrain, hamper, fetter//족쇄 / 족쇄를 채우다, 속박하다, 제한하다 fiasco//complete failure or disaster, incredible screwup, defeat//큰 실수, 대실패, 완패 fiat//arbitrary decree or order, command, decree, mandate, behest, edict//명령, 엄명 fickle//capricious, mercurial, unstable, changeable, unfaithful//(기후, 기분 따위가)변덕스러운 fidelity//1. loyalty, allegiance, devotion, faithfulness 2. accuracy, exactness //1. 충실, (약속의)엄수, 신빙성 2. 정확, 정밀 figment//something made up or invented, fabrication, fiction//꾸며낸(지어낸) 일, 허구, 꾸면내 이야기 figurative//based on figure or speech, allegorical, metaphorical//(말이) 비유적인 finesse//skillful maneuvering, delicacy, nicety, subtlety, craftiness, delicate skill//교묘한 처리, 기교, 솜씨, 술책, 책략 fiscal//pertaining to financial matters; monetary//국고의, 재정상의, 회계의 flagrant//glaring bad, notorious, scandalous, conspicuously wicked, egregious, gross, heinous//악명 높은, 극악한 flaunt//show off, display ostentatiously, boast, gasconade, vaunt//과시하다, 자랑해 보이다, 허세 부리다 fledgling//inexperienced or immature, inexpert, untrained//깃털이 갓난 새, 풋내기의, 애송이의 flippant//frivolously disrespectful, saucy, pert, flip//경솔한, 경박한, 건방진 florid//1. red-faced, ruddy, flushed, rubicund, sanguine 2. flowery //1. 불그레한, 혈색이 좋은 2. 화려한, 현란한 flout//disregard sth out of disrespect, reject, oppose, mock, jeer, scoff, sneer//멸시하다, 조롱하다, 경멸하다 / 조롱 fodder//coarse food for livestock, raw stock, raw material//마초, [가축의] 먹이, 사료, 원료 foible//minor character flaw, slight fault, frailty//성격상의 사소한 결함 folly//foolishness, insanity//어리석음, 경솔함(imprudence) foment//stir up, instigate, abet, foster, goad, incite, provoke, spur//선동하여..시키다, 조장하다 <-> quell foray//raid / incursion, invasion an initial venture//1. 침략하다, 약탈하다 2. 침략, 약탈, 손대기 forbear//1. refrain from, abstain 2. ancestor //1. 삼가다, 참다 2. 선조, 조상 forebode//to be an omen of, predict, foretell, bode//…의 전조가 되다, 예감하다, 예상하다 foreclose//preclude, bar//[저당물]을 처분하다, 내쫓다, 배척(배제)하다; 방해하다 forensic//related to debate or courts of law, controversial, juridical//법정의, 토론의 forestall//thwart, prevent or hinder sth from happening, head off//먼저 기선을 제압하다, 미리 막다, 앞지르다, 방해하다 forgo//give up, abandon, abdicate, relinquish, waive, do without, forbear//그만두다, 없이 때우다, 절제하다, 삼가다 forsake//desert, abandon, renounce ,relinquish, give up, quit//그만두다, 저버리다, 버리다, 포기하다 forswear//1. retract, renounce, or recant 2. commit perjury //1. 맹세코 끊다 2. 거짓맹세하다, 위증하다 forte//strong point or special talent, eminency//장점, 장기 forthright//1. frank, outspoken 2. going straight to the point //1. 솔직하게, 숨기지 않고 2. 똑바로 fortuitous//accidental, by chance, casual, incidental, adventitious//우연한, 뜻밖의, 불시의 foster//1. rear, cultivate, nourish 2. encourage, promote the development of //1. 기르다, 양육하다, 돌보다 2. 촉진하다 founder//fail, collapse, sink, submerge, submerse//무너지다, 넘어지다, 침수되어 침몰하다, 실패하다 fragmentary//incomplete; disconnected, made up of fragments//미완의, 단편적인, 파편의 fraternal//like brother//형제의, 우애의 frenetic//frenzied, frantic, furious, rabid//광란의, 광적인, 열광적인 frugal//economical, penny-pinching//검소한, 비용이 들지 않는, 간소한 <-> prodigal fruitful//productive, successful//결실이 많은, 기름진, 비옥한, 수익이 많은 fuel//1. stimulate, ignite, kindle as if providing with fuel//1. (감정을) 부추기다 2. ...을 태우다(kindle) fulminate//1. thunder, explode, detonate 2. denounce vigorously, protest vehementl //1. 천둥치다 2. 맹렬히 비난하다, 항의하다 furtive//secretive, sly, stealthy, sneaky, clandestine, covert, sub-rosa, surreptitious, insidious//은밀한, 교활한, 수상쩍은 futile//useless, abortive, bootless, ineffectual, vain, hopeless//쓸데없는, 효과없는, 알맹이 없는, 시시한 <-> fecund gaffe//a social blunder, embarrassing mistake, faux pas//(사절, 외교상의)과실, 실수 galvanize//stimulate by shock, startle into sudden activity, stir up//활기를 띠게 하다, 생기를 회복시키다(revitalize) gambit//1. opening in ches 2. maneuver or ploy 3. commencement, incipience//1. 체스의 첫수 2. 책략, 술책 3. 시작 gamut//entire range, spectrum//온음정, 전범위, 전역 garner//gather, store up, glean, reap, stockpile, amass//모으다, 저장하다 / 곡물 저장소 garrulous//talkative, chatty, loquacious, prolix, wordy//수다스러운, 군말많은, 졸졸한 소리를 내는, 시끄럽게 지저귀는 gastronomy//science of preparing and serving good food, cuisine//요리학, 미식학 generic//general, common, characteristic of a class or species//일반적인, 총칭적인, 속의 genesis//origin, creation, beginning//발생, 기원, 창세기 genocide//한 국민 또는 민족의 말살 (//cf. homicide, matricide, patricide, suicide, insecticide) genre//style of art illustrating scenes of common life, category//장르, 유형, 양식, 풍속화 genteel//refined, polite, aristocratic, well-bred, cultured, polished, urbane, elegant//품위 있는, 우아한, 예의바른 germane//pertinent, relevant, apposite, apropos//밀접한 관계가 있는, 적절한 gesticulate//make gestures in speaking//제스쳐를 쓰다(말하면서), 손짓을 통해 의사소통을 하다 ghastly//shockingly horrible, frightful, grisly, gruesome, lurid, macabre, ghostlike//송장같이 핼쑥한, 유령같은, 무시무시한 glut//surplus, overabundance, overstock, surfeit, gorge, jade, sate, satiate//과잉공급하다, 실컷먹다 / 과잉공급 grandiloquent//pompous; bombastic; using high-sounding language//(말이) 과장된, 호언 장담하는 grandiose//absurdly exaggerated, imposing, impressive, majestic, stately//장대한, 웅대한, 어마어마한 gratis//free, gratuitous//무료의 gratuitous//1. given freely, gratis 2. unnecessary or unwarrante //1. 무료의, 무보수의 2. 불필요한, 부당한(나쁜것) gravity//3. sobriety, solemnity//1. 중력, 지구 인력 2. 중량 3. 엄숙함, 중대함 gregarious//sociable, enjoying the company of others//군거(집단)성의, 사교적인 grievous//1. tragic, agonizing 2. severe //1. 괴로운, 슬픈, 비통한 2. 심한 grimace//a facial distortion to show feeling such as pain, disgust, etc., 찡그린 얼굴 / 얼굴 찡그리다 guile//cunning, duplicity, artfulness, deceit, duplicity, artifice, craftiness, trickery//고의적으로 속임, 교활, 간교한 책략 guise//appearance, semblance, costume//외관, 옷차림, 복장 habituate//train, accustom to a situation//...을 길들이다, 익숙하게 하다 hackneyed//overused, trite, commonplace, banal, pedestrian, humdrum, stale//진부한, 낡아빠진 halcyon//peaceful, carefree, serene, composed//교요한, 잔잔한, 무사태평한 hapless//unlucky, unfortunate, miserable//불행한 //cf. hap: fortune, chance harass//annoy by repeated attacks, torment or pester, bother, irk, badger, vex, badger, harry, heckle, tease//괴롭히다 harbinger// forerunner, herald, precursor, prophetic sign //예고(하다), 선구가 되다 / 선구자, 전조, 예고 harp//repeat tediously, go on and on about sth, reiterate//(같은 말을) 자꾸만 되풀이하다 harry//1. raid, foray, maraud 2. harass, annoy //1. 침략(유린)하다, 약탈하다 2. 괴롭히다 hedonism//belief that pleasure is the sole aim in life, asceticism//쾌락주의, 향락주의 hegemony//leadership (one nation over another)//패권, 지도력, 지배권 heinous//shockingly evil, abominable, atrocious, hatefully bad, desperate, monstrous//가증한, 극악무도한 herald//1. royal proclaimer 2. harbinger//1. [국왕의 즉위, 선전을 알리는]포고자 2. 선구자 / 포고하다 heresy//opinion contrary to popular belief or accepted religion, unorthodoxy//진리에 어긋나는 잘못된 생각, 이교, 이단 hermetic//1. obscure, occult, abstruse, esoteric, profound, recondite 2. impervious //1. 난해한, 심오한 2. 밀봉한, 밀폐한 heyday//golden age, prime//전성기 hiatus//break or interruption in continuity, gap, pause, breach, interim, interruption//연속의 중단, 갈라진 틈 hierarchy//pecking order, body divided into ranks, order//계급조직 histrionic//relating or actors or acting, overly dramatic, theatrical, affecting//드라마같은, 연극의, 연극 같은 hoary//white or gray with age, ancient, stale//회백색의, (늙어서) 백발의, 매우늙은, 오래된 homage//reverence, respect, deference, obeisance//존경, 경의 homily//sermon, serious warning, discourse//훈계, 설교 homogeneous//made entirely of one thing, uniform//동질의, 같은 종류의 <-> heterogeneous hubris//arrogance, excessive pride, haughtiness, hauteur, imperviousness, loftiness, superciliousness//오만, 자만 husbandry//frugality, thrift, providence, thrifty management of resources, agriculture, livestock farming//검소한관리,절약,농업 hyperbole//exaggeration, overstatement, modification, bombast//과장법, 과장, 과대, 과장된 표현 hypocrisy//insincerity, two-facedness//위선, 위선적 행위 hypothetical//based on assumptions or hypotheses, conjectural, putative, suppositious, supposititious//가설의 iconoclast//image breaker//성상숭배 타파주의자, 우상타파주의자, 구습 타파주의자 ideology//ideas of a group of people, credo//이데올로기, 관념학, 공리 공론 idiom//1. (국민, 국가의)언어, 어법, 방언, 사투리 2. 숙어, 관용구 idiosyncrasy//peculiarity, eccentricity, oddity, singularity//특질, 특이성, (특이한)성벽, 특이 체질 idyllic//charming in rustic way, bucolic, naturally peaceful//전원적인, 목가적인, 한가로운 ignominy//deep disgrace//모욕, 불명예, 수치스러운 행위, 추행 illicit//illegal, illegitimate, not permitted//불법의, 금제의, 무허가의 imbue//inspire, permeate or tinge, saturate, inculcate, fill//…로 채우다, (사상, 감정 등을)...에게 불어넣다 imminent//just about to happen, impending, proximate, near at hand//임박한, 절박한, 촉박한, 박두한, 곧 닥쳐올 것 같은 immutable//unchangeable, constant, immovable, inalterable, inflexible, unmodifiable//불변의, 변경되지 않는 impartial//fair, unbiased//공평한, 치우치지 않은 impasse//deadlock, cul-de-sac, blind alley, dilemma//막다른 골목, 난국, 막다름 impeach//charge, accuse or indict public official 2. call into question //1. 탄핵하다, 고발하다 2. (명예, 인격 등을) 의심하다 impeccable//faultless, flawless, immaculate, irreproachable, entirely without sin//죄를 범하지 않는, 죄(과실)없는, 결점 없는 impecunious//without money, penniless, destitute, impoverished, indigent, penurious//돈 없는, 가난한 impede//obstruct or interfere with, hamper, delay//방해하다, 저해하다 impending//imminent, looming, nearing, approaching, proximate//금새 일어날 것 같은, 임박한, 박두한 impenetrable//incapable of being penetrated, impervious, incomprehensible//불침투성의, 난해한, 이해하기힘든, 완고한 imperative//1. completely necessary, vitally, important, urgent //1. 피할수없는, 필수불가결한 2. 명령적인, 권위적인 imperial//like an emperor or empire//제국의, 황제의, 황실의, 장엄한 impervious//1. impenetrable, not permitting passage through //1. 불침투성의, 2. (사람) 무감각한, 둔감한, 영향받지않는 impetuous//impulsive, quick and violent; abrupt, headlong, vehement, precipitate, hasty, rash, impatient,//격렬한; 성급한,충동적인 implement//1. carry out, fulfill 2. supply what is needed, complete / tool, instrument //1. 약속 따위를 이행하다 2. 충족시키다, 도구, 연장 / 공급하다 implication//that which is hinted at or suggested//(범죄따위의) 관련, 연루, 암시, 함축, 내포된 것(뜻) importune//beg earnestly, urge with annoying persistence, trouble; beseech, crave, implore, plead, supplicate//을 끈덕지게 조르다, 성가시게 부탁하다, 괴롭히다 impotent//powerless, helpless, unable to perform sexual intercourse//무력한, 허약한, 능력이 없는 impoverish//1. reduce to poverty, make destitute //1. ...을 가난하게 하다 2. (질, 산출력을)빈약하게 하다, 저하시키다 impregnable//unconquerable, indomitable, invincible, able to withstand attack, invulnerable//난공 불락의, 끄떡 않는 impresario//a person who manages public entertainment//(가극단, 악단, 오페라단 등의) 단장 impromptu//extemporaneous, on the spur of the moment, improvised, offhand//즉석에서, 즉흥적인 / 즉흥시, 즉흥곡 improvise//compose on the spur of the moment//즉석에서(즉흥적으로)하다, 임시변통으로 만들다 impugn//doubt; attack the truth or integrity of sth, challenge; gainsay; contradict, contravene, negate//의심하다; 공격(비난)하다; 반박하다 impunity//freedom from punishment, exemption, immunity//(형, 벌, 해, 손실)을 받지 않음, 처벌을 면함, 무사 inadvertent//unintentional, heedless, not planned, accidental, adventitious//부주의한, 고의가 아닌 inalienable//not to be taken away, lost , nontransferable//(권리따위를) 양도할 수 없는 inane//silly, senseless, asinine, fatuous//공허한, 어리석은, 얼빠진 inaugurate//2. begin officially, induct formally, commence, launch //1. 취임식을 거행하다, 취임시키다, 2. 시작하다 incandescent//brilliant, effulgent, fulgent, lambent, lucent, luminous, radiant, refulgent//백열의, 빛나는 incantation//singing or chanting of magic spells, chant, magical formula//자주 반복하는 문구(슬로건), 주문, 마법 incarnation//act of assuming a human body and human nature, embodiment//예수가 육신을 가지고 세상에 나심, 신화, 실현 incendiary//tending to arouse passion or anger, inflammatory//방화의, 불나게하는, 선동의 / 방화범(arsonist), 선동자 incense//2. make very angry, enrage, infuriate, umbrage //1. 향, 향내 2. 성나게하다 incessant//unceasing, uninterrupted, ceaseless, everlasting, interminable, perpetual, unremitting//끊임없는, 그칠새 없는 incipient//beginning, emerging, in an early stage, inceptive//시작의, 초기의, 발단의 incisive//cutting right to the heart of matter, sharp, penetrating, trenchant//예리한, 예민한, 명료한, 날카로운, 통렬한 inclination//tendency, preference, liking//경향, 성향 incongruous//not harmonious, not consistent, not appropriate, not fitting, absurd//조화되지 않는, 어울리지 않은, 모순된 incorrigible//incapable of being reformed, uncorrectable//교정(선도)할 수 없는, 제멋대로 구는 increment//increase, accretion, one in a series of increases//증가, 증대, 증진, 이익, 이득, 증가량, 증액, 이자 inculcate//instill, imbue, implant by repeated suggestions or admonitions, teach, instruct//(되풀이하여 사상따위를)주입시키다 incumbent//current office holder / obligatory // 현직(재직)자 / 의무의 incursion//raid, foray, sudden attack or temporary invasion//침입, 습격 indict//charge with a crime, accuse of wrongdoing//기소(고발)하다 indifferent//1. apathetic, aloof, uninterested 2. mediocre, commonplace(not good quality //1. 무관심한 2. 평범한, 공평한 indigenous//native, aboriginal, endemic, originating in that area//토착의, (그)지역 고유의, 원산의 재래의, 자생의 indigent//poor, destitute//궁핍(빈곤)한, 부족한, 결함이 있는, 불완전한 indignant//angry, insulted//화난, 분개한, 성난 indolent//lazy//게으른, 나태한 induce//1. persuade 2. influence, cause //1. 설득하다, …하게하다 2. 야기하다, 유발하다 //cf. seduce 나쁜길로 유혹하다 indulgent//lenient, charitable, clement, yielding to desire, humoring//멋대로 하게하는, 관대한, 엄하지 않은 ineffable//inexpressible, unutterable, indescribable, inexpressible, cannot be expressed in speech//말로 표현할 수 없는 ineluctable//inescapable, inevasible, irresistible, unavoidable//불가항력의, 피할수 없는, 불가피한, 면치 못할 inept//unsuited, inappropriate, clumsy, incompetent, gauche, absurd//부적당한, 부적절한, 어리석은 ineradicable//incapable of being removed or destroyed or eradicated//근절할 수 없는, 없애기 어려운 inert//inactive, sluggish, not reacting chemically//활발하지 못한, 생기가 없는, 둔한, 활성이 없는 inexorable//adamant, obdurate, relentless, inevitable, unavoidable, unyielding, implacable//냉혹한, 피할 수 없는, 굽히지않는 infamous//shamefully wicked, disgraceful, notoriously bad, flagrant, opprobrious//악명 높은, 불명예스러운, 파렴치한 infatuated//foolish, foolishly passionate or attracted, made foolish, foolishly in love//바보같은, 바보스럽게 열중한, 현혹된 infer//deduce, conclude//추론하다, 추측하다 infinitesimal//very very small, infinitely small//미소한, 극미한, 무한소의 inflammatory//1. fiery, tending to arouse passion or anger, incendiary //1. 격하게 하는, 선동적인 2. 염증(inflammation)의 influx//flowing into, arrival of large numbers of people or things, inundation//유입, 대량유입, 밀어닥침, 쇄도 infraction//violation, infringement, breach, contravention, transgression, breaking of law//위반, 위반행위 infrastructure//the basic framework of a system, foundation//하부 조직(구조) infringe//1. violate, breech, contravene, offend, transgress 2. encroach or trespass //1. 위반하다 2. 침해하다 infuse//introduce into, instill, imbue//1. 채워넣다, (사상 등을)주입하다 2.(약초를)우려내다 ingenuous//naive, frank, without deception, artless, unsophisticated, unaffected//솔직 담백한, 순진한, 꾸밈없는 ingratiate//work to make yourself liked//...에게 알랑거리다, ...의 비위를 맞추다, 환심을 사려하다 inherent//intrinsic, congenital, inborn, innate, firmly established by nature or habit//고유의, 타고난, 본래부터의 inimical//unfavorable, unfriendly, harmful, detrimental, hostile, antagonistic//우호적이 아닌, 적대하는, 해로운 inimitable//impossible to imitate, incomparable, matchless, unrivaled, the best//너무 훌륭하여 모방할 수 없는, 비길 데 없는 injunction//a command or order, especially a court order//명령, 훈령, 지령 innate//inborn, congenital, inherent, intrinsic//타고난, 천부의, 선천적인, 본질적인 innocuous//harmless, innoxious//무해한, 독이없는 innuendo//sly hint, insinuation, allusion, implication, intimation//(흔히 남을 비방하는) 암시, 비꼬아 말함, 빗대어 말함 inordinate//excessive, exorbitant, immoderate, intemperate, unreasonable, unrestrained//과도한, 지나친, 난폭한, 무절제한 inquisition//ruthless questioning, official investigation//인정사정없는 질문, (공식적)철저한 조사 insatiable//not easily satisfied, greedy, avaricious, avid, voracious//만족할 줄 모르는, 탐욕스러운 insidious//artful, astute, craft, guileful, wily, treacherous, sneaky, stealthy, sly, furtive, surreptitious//몰래 해치는, 흉계의, 음흉한, (병이)잠행성의 insinuate//1. creep in, worm 2. hint, imply, allude, connote, intimate //1. 서서히 교묘하게 들어가다 2. 넌지시비추다, 빗대어말하다 insipid//dull, vapid, bland, banal, tasteless, flavorless, savorless, unpalatable//지루한, 맛없는, 무미건조한, 재미없는 insolent//arrogant, insulting, haughty, contemptuous, domineering, imperious, overweening, supercilious//건방진, 무례한 insouciant//nonchalant, lighthearted, carefree, indifferent, listless, without concern or care//무관심한, 방심한, 부주의한 instigate//provoke, stir up, urge, start, abet, activate, actuate, foment, incite//부추키다, 선동하다, 조장하다 <-> quell insufferable//not sufferable, unbearable, intolerable//참을 수 없는 insular//like an island, isolated, narrow-minded//섬나라 근성의, 편협한, 고립한 insuperable//unable to be overcome, insurmountable, invincible, indomitable, overwhelming//(어려움 등이)극복할 수 없는 insurgent//rebellious, contumacious, insubordinate, mutinous / rebel // 반란(폭동)을 일으는, 반항하는/ 반란, 반역자 insurrection//an act of open rebellion, revolt, insurgence, mutiny//폭동, 반란 integral//1. essential, indispensable 2. whole//1. 필수불가결한 2. 완전한 3. 정수의, 적분의 interim//meantime, meanwhile, intervening time, breech, hiatus, interval//(시간적)사이, 한동안, 잠시 interloper//intruder, trespasser, interfere, intrude, unwanted person//남의 일에 참견하는 사람, 주제넘은 사람 interlude//intervening, episode, intermission, pause//(일과 일, 시간과 시간)사이, 동안, 막간, 중간에 생긴일, 간주곡 interminable//seemingly unending, endless, perpetual, tediously long//그칠줄 모르는, 끝없는, 지루하게 긴 intermittent//periodic, on and off, occasional, fitful, recurrent//때때로 중단되는, 단속(간헐)적인 intersperse//place at intervals, scatter among//산재시키다 intervene//2. mediate, intercede, interfere //1. (반대자)사이에 끼어들다 2. 중재하다 3. (시간)사이에 끼다 intimate//hint, imply / 1. familiar 2. essential, innermost 3. private / confidant// 암시하다, 넌지시알리다(공표하다) intractable//fractious, headstrong, pertinacious, perverse, recalcitrant, disobedient, unruly, refractory//다루기 힘든, 고집센 intransigent//stubborn, uncompromising//비타협적인 intricate//complicated, sophisticated//뒤얽힌, 얽히고 설킨, 복잡한, 난해한 intrigue//secret scheme, crafty plot//음모, 계략 / 음모를 꾸미다 intrinsic//part of the essential nature of sth, inherent, natural//본질적인, 고유의, 내부의 introspective//tending to think about oneself, examining one's feelings//자기를 관찰하는, 자기 반성의, 내성적인 inundate//overflow, deluge, flood, cover completely with water, overwhelm//범람 시키다, 몰려오다, 쇄도하다 invective//insulting or abusive speech, abuse, billingsgate, contumely, obloquy, scurrility, vituperation//비난,독설, 비난의말 inveterate//deep-rooted, chronic, habitual, firm in habit//(병, 습관등)뿌리깊은, 만성의, 상습적인 invidious//causing envy or resentment, offensively harmful, hateful, obnoxious, odious//화나게하는, 비위에거슬리는,불쾌한 inviolate//not violated, kept sacred, free from injury, pure//신성한 그대로의, 침범되지 않은, 더럽혀지지 않은 invoke//1. entreat or pray for, crave, supplicate 2.summon up //1. (신에게)빌다, 간청하다, (법에) 호소하다 2. 불러일으키다 irascible//choleric, fractious, peevish, petulant, touchy, irritable, bilious, splenetic//성마른, 성급한, 성을 잘내는 iridescent//exhibiting rainbow-like colors//프리즘같이 보이는(각도에 따라 색이 변하는), 무지개 빛깔의 ironic//meaning the opposite of what you seem to say//비꼬는, 풍자적인, 반어적인 irrevocable//irreversible, unalterable//폐지(취소.해제)할 수 없는 itinerant//moving form place to place, wandering, traveling//두루돌아다니는, 순회하는 jargon//language used by special group, gibberish, cant, argot//전문어, 횡설수설, 뜻을 알 수 없는 말, 은어 jaunt//a short pleasure tip, junket, sally//소풍, 산책, 짧은여행 / 소풍가다 jingoism//belligerent and chauvinistic patriotism, warmonger//맹목적 애국주의, 호전주의 jocular//humorous, fond of joking, jocund, jocose, droll, facetious, ludicrous, witty//우스운, 익살맞은 jubilation//exultant joy, rejoicing, exultation, bliss//환희, 환호, 기쁨 judicious//having good sense, wise, determined by sound judgment, prudent, sapient//사려(분별)있는, 현명한 junction//1. Convergence 2. Linkup, act or state of being joined together //1. 합류접, 접합점 2. 연합, 결합, 접합 junta//small group ruling a country after a coup//(쿠데타 직후 정권을 장악하는)군사정부 juxtapose//place side by side//...을 나란히 놓다 karma//good or bad emanation from sn or sth//갈마, 업보, 숙명 kinetic//having to do with motion, lively, active, producing motion//운동의, 운동에 의해 생기는, 활동적인, 정력적인 labyrinth//maze//Daedalus가 설계한 미궁, 미로, 복잡한 관계 laconic//using few words, brief and to the point, concise, compendious, succinct, terse//(말, 표현이)간결한, 말수 적은 lament//mourn//슬퍼하다, 애도하다, 한탄하다 lampoon//satirize, mock, parody, ridicule, burlesque, caricature, travesty//풍자하다 languish//become weak, languid, listless or depressed, lose animation or strength, flag//약해지다, 기운이없어지다 larceny//theft, robbery, stealing, purloining//(법)도둑질, 절도, 그러한 예 largess//generous gift, generosity, philanthropy//부조, 증여, (아낌없이 주는) 선물 lascivious//lustful, obscene, lewd, licentious, lecherous, incontinent, libertine, libidinous//외설적인, 음탕한, 선정적인, 호색의 latent//present but not visible or apparent, potential, dormant, hidden, abeyant, quiescent//숨어 있는, 잠복성의 laud//applaud, extol, celebrate, praise, glorify//찬양하다, 기리다 lavish//1. liberal 2. abundant, exuberant, opulent 3. excessive, wasteful, luxuriant, prodigal, profuse, profusive //1. 아낌없이 주는, 인색하지않은 2. 풍부한 3. 낭비하는, 사치스런 / 아낌없이주다, 낭비하다 lax//negligent, lazy, irresponsible, loose, remiss//태만한, 해이된, 게으른, 책임감 없는 layman//nonprofessional//비전문가, 문외한, 아마추어, 평신도 legacy//inheritance, bequest, patrimony//유산 lethargic//sluggish, lazy, indifference, drowsy, dull, comatose, torpid//졸린, 노곤한, 무기력한 levity//lightness, frivolity, unseriousness, flippancy//경솔, 경솔한 짓 liaison//connection, association, alliance, secret love affair//섭외, (다른 두 단체간의)연락, 간통, 밀통 libel//1. 비방하는 글 (cf. invective, 비난의 말) 2. 불명예를 가져오는것, 모욕, 중상모략 / 비방문을 발표하다 licentious//lascivious, lewd, promiscuous, amoral, dissolute, incontinent, lecherous, libertine, libidinous//음탕한, 호색적인 limpid//transparent, clear, lucid, pellucid, translucent//(물,공기,마음,눈 따위가)맑은, 투명한, (문체가)명쾌한, 명석한 listless//sluggish, without energy or enthusiasm, lackadaisical, languid//마음 내키지 않는, 무관심한 litany//1. supplicatory player 2. tedious recounting //1. (교회)응답기도, 연도 2. 반복되는 지루한 설명(이야기) litigate//try in court, engage in legal proceeding//소송하다, 법정에서 다투다 livid//lead-colored, ashen, pallid, wan ; enraged//납빛의, [타박상으로 피부 따위가]검푸른, 창백한 ; 격노한 loath//extremely unwilling, reluctant, averse, abhorrent, execrable, odious//싫어하는, 꺼림직한 lobby//urge legislative action, exert influence//(국회)로비하다, (의원)에게 운동하다 loquacious//talkative, garrulous, verbose//말많은, 시끄럽게 지저귀는, 시냇물이 졸졸 소리를 내는 lout//boor, oaf, clod, churl, bad-tempered person, clumsy person//버릇없는 사람, 시골 뜨기, 얼간이 lucid//1.clear, easy to understand, pellucid, translucent, transparent, unambiguous 2.mentally sound 3.bright, transparent, effulgent, lambent, luminous, refulgent //1. 명료한,알기쉬운, 투명한 2. 제정신의 3. 빛나는 ludicrous//ridiculous, absurd, laughable, trifling//익살맞은, 우스운, 바보 같은 lugubrious//exaggeratedly mournful, lamentable, funeral, woeful, dolorous, plaintive//슬픈, 애처로운, 가엾은 luminous//shining, giving off light, glowing, bright, easily understood//빛나는, 명료한, 이해가 쉬운, 밝은, 총명한 lyrical//1. melodious, songlike, poetic 2. enthusiastic //1. 노래같은, 서정적인 2. 흥분한, 열광적인 machination//scheming actively for an evil purpose, conspiracy, intrigue, plot//음모, 책략 magnanimous//forgiving, unresentful, noble in spirit, generous, benevolent, chivalrous//도량이 넓은, 아량 있는, 관대한 magnate//rich, powerful or very successful business person, person of prominence or influence, tycoon//거물, 유력자 malaise//feeling of depression, uneasiness or queasiness//이렇다할 까닭없이 기분이 언짢은, 불쾌한 malapropism//humorous misuse of a word//말의 우스꽝스런 오용, 오용된 말 malfeasance//an illegal act especially by public official//불법(부정) 행위, (특히 공무원의) 나쁜 짓 malinger//to pretend to be sick to avoid doing sth//꾀병을 부리다 malleable//1. easy to shape or bend, supple //1. (금속)펴 늘일 수 있는 2. 유순한, 온순한, 가르치기 쉬운 mandate//1. command, dictate 2. authorization//1. 명령, 2. 위임된 권한, 위임통치 / 명령하다, 위임통치하다 mania//crazed or excessive excitement, insanity, delusion//발광병, 미침, 열광, ...광, ...열 manifest//1. visible, evident, understandable, clear 2. make visible//1. 명백한 2. 명백히 하다, 명시하다 / 적하목록, 승객목록 manifesto//public declaration, statement of policy//선언문, 선언(서), 성명서 marginal//1. of margin or border 2. lower limit of quality, insignificance//1. 여백의 2. (차이가)근소한, 한계의, 최저한의 marshal//arrange in order, gather together for the purpose of doing sth//정렬시키다, 정돈시키다 / 연방 보안관, 원수 martial//warlike, bellicose, belligerent, militant, pugnacious, having to do combat//전쟁의, 전쟁과 관계된, 호전적인 martyr//순교자, 희생자 / 박해하다, 괴롭히다 materialistic//preoccupied with material things, greedy for possessions//유물론[자]의, 물질주의[자]의 matriculate//enroll, especially at a college//대학 입학(을 허가)하다 //cf. matriculation 입학식 maudlin//silly and overly sentimental, romantic//괜히 감상적인, 눈물이 해픈 maverick//nonconformist, dissenter, rebel//낙인찍히지 않은 송아지, 비순종주의자, 독불장군 mawkish//1. sickening, nauseous 2. foolishly sentimental, maudlin //1. 매스꺼운, 구역질나는 2. 바보같이 감상적인 maxim//fundamental principle, old saying, aphorism, proverb, adage//격언, 금언 meander//2. wander, ramble or stray from the topic //1. 굽이쳐 흐르다 2. 이리저리 배회하다, (비유) 두서없이 말하다 mediate//help settle differences, intervene, arbitrate, intercede//중재하다, 조정하다 medium//1. 매개물, 매체 2. 중용, 중간 3. (전단매개)물질 4. 매개인, 무당 / 중간의, 보통의 melancholy//gloomy, depressed and weary//비탄에 잠긴, 우울한, 슬픈 / 우울, 비애 melee//brawl, affray, brawl, fracas, fray ,confused fight or struggle, tumultuous confusion//난투, 혼전 mellifluous//flowing smoothly, smooth, dulcet, euphonious//(목소리, 말, 음악) 감미롭게 흐르는, 꿀같이 감미로운, 달콤한 menagerie//a collection of animals//(서커스단등의) 우리안에 가두어둔 동물들, 구경시키는 동물, [이동하는]동물원 mendacious//lying, dishonest, false, fraudulent, unveracious//거짓말의, 거짓말하는 버릇의 mendicant//beggar//거지 / 구걸하는 mentor//counselor, instructor, coach, tutor//현명하고 성실한 조언자 mercenary//1. interested in money or gain 2. hired soldier //1. 돈을 목적으로 일하는, 돈을 좋아하는 2. 용병 mercurial//2. lively 3. fickle, inconstant, capricious //1. 수은의 2. 명량한, 쾌활한 3. 변덕스러운 metamorphosis//magical change in form, sudden change//변형, 변태 meticulous// fussy, heedful, scrupulous, finicky, fastidious, punctilious//(지나치게)세심한, 꼼꼼한, 옹졸한 microcosm//the world in miniature//소우주, 인간사회 milieu//environment, surroundings//주위, 환경 millennium//thousand year period, a thousandth anniversary//천년의기간, 천년제, 황금시대 minuscule//very tiny//매우 작은 mire//marshy, mucky ground; embroil, implicate, tangle//진창, 수렁 / 수렁(진창)에 빠뜨리다; (비유)곤경에 빠뜨리다 misanthrope//one who hates mankind//인간을 싫어하는 사람, 염세가 <-> philanthropist mitigate//moderate the effect of sth, appease, allay, alleviate, assuage, mollify, palliate//누그러뜨리다, 완화(경감)하다 mode//method of doing, type, manner, fashion, vogue//유행하는 양식 modulate//regulate, adjust, adapt; reduce ,lessen or change intensity//조절하다, 조정하다, 변조하다 mollify//soothe, soften, pacify, allay, alleviate, appease, assuage, mitigate, pacify, propitiate//누그러지게 하다, 달래다 momentum//quantity of motion of a moving body, impetus//움직이는 힘, 운동량, 기세, 추진력, 원동력, 여세 monarchy//government by king or queen//군주정치 monolithic//massive, solid, uniform, and unyielding//하나의 돌로 된것 같은, 단일적인, 획일적인 moratorium//suspension of activity, legal delay of payment//지급 유예(기간), 연기 mores//customs, customary moral standards//관습, 습관 moribund//dying, at the point of death//다 죽어 가는 morose//somber, melancholy, gloomy, sullen//우울한, 침울한, 뿌루퉁한, 뚱한, 기분이 언짢은 mortify//humiliate, punish the flesh, debase, degrade, demean, humble//굴욕을 느끼게 하다, 쪽팔리게하다 motif//recurring theme or idea//(예술 작품의)주제, 주선율 motley//extremely varied or diverse, heterogeneous, multicolored, parti-colored, mixed//잡색의, 잡다한 mundane//1. not heavenly and eternal, temporal 2. ordinary, dull, pretty boring //1. 현세의, 속세의 2. 지루한, 평범한 municipal//pertaining to a city(town) and its government//자치도시의(시의), 내정의 munificent//lavish, very generous//아낌 없이 주는, 손이 큰 muse//ponder, meditate, deliberate, ruminate//명상하다, 묵상하다 muster//assemble for battle or inspection, summon up//소집하다, 모이다 / (검열을 위한)집합, 소집 myopia//near sightedness, lack of foresight//근시안, 선견지명이 부족함 myriad//very large number//무수, 무수한 사람 mystic//otherworldly, mysterious, enigmatic//비법의, 신비적인, 신비주의의 narcissism//excessive love of one's body or oneself//자아도취 nebulous//vague, hazy, indistinct, cloudy//(천)성운 모양의, 구름같이 흐릿한, 애매한 nefarious//evil, flagrantly wicked, flagrant, infamous, vicious//극악한, 사악한, 악명높은 nemesis//revenging agent//복수의 여신, 천벌, 인과응보, 보복하는 사람 neologism//a new word or phrase, new usage of a word//신조어, 신표현, 신어의, 신어의 사용 neophyte//beginner, novice, apprentice, tyro, recent convert//초심자, 신개종자 nepotism//favoritism( to a relative)//친척 등용, 족벌 주의 nihilism//the belief that there are no values or morals in the universe//19세기 러시아의 허무주의, 무정부주의 nirvana//blissful, painless, worry-free state//열반, 해탈 noisome//offensive(smell) / disgusting, stinking, noxious, rancid, putrid// 불쾌한 / 냄새가 구역질나는, 해로운 nomadic//wandering from place to place, without a permanent home, itinerant, peripatetic//유목의, 방랑의 nomenclature//system of naming, designation, terminology//(조직적인)명명법, 학명, 술어, (집합적)(일반적으로)명칭, 목록 nominal//in name only, insignificant, OK(during rocket launches), titular//이름만의, 명목상의, 중요치 않은 nonchalant//indifferent, coolly unconcerned, blas?, insouciant//무관심한, 냉담한, 태연한 nostalgia//home-sickness, longing for the past//과거를 그리워함, 향수 notorious//nefarious, famous for sth bad, outstandingly bad, unfavorably known//악명 높은 novel//new, original, strange//신기한, 희한한, 새로운, 참신한 noxious//harmful, offensive, nocuous//유해(독)한, 불건전한 nuance//subtle difference or distinction//색조, 음영, 농담, 말뜻의 미묘한 차이, 뉘앙스 nullify//repeal, revoke, cancel, void, annul//무효로 하다, 취소하다, 폐기하다 obdurate//stubborn and insensitive//고집센, 완고한, 냉혹한 obeisance//bow or curtsy, deep reverence//경배, 존경, 복종 obfuscate//darken, confuse, muddle, make confusing, fluster, confound//마음을 어둡게하다, 당황하게하다, 난처하게하다 objective//1. unbiased, unprejudiced, uninfluenced 2. real //1. 객관적인 <-> subjective 2. 실체의 3. 목적의 / 목표, 목적 oblique//1. at an angle, deviating from the perpendicular or from a straight line 2. Indirect //1. 비스듬한 2. 간접적인 oblivion//total forgetfulness, the state of being forgotten//망각, 잊기 쉬움 obscure//unknown, elliptical, hard to understand, dark//분명치 않은, 모호한, 눈에 띄지 않는, 컴컴한, 흐린 obsequious//fawning, subservient, sucking up to, slavishly attentive, servile, sycophantic//추종적인, 비굴한, 아첨하는 obtrusive//1. pushing forward 2. interfering, meddlesome, intrusive, officious, butting in //1. 강요하는 2. 참견하는 obtuse//insensitive, blockheaded, blunt, stupid//둔한, 둔각의, 머리가 둔한 obviate//make unnecessary, get rid of, avert//위험 등을 제거하다, 미연에 방지하다 occult//mysterious, magic, secret, supernatural, uncanny//신비적인, 불가사의의 odious//hateful, abhorrent, loath, detestable, abominable, repulsive, vile//혐오스런, 싫은, 불쾌감을 주는, 협오스런 odyssey//long, difficult journey, usually marked by many changes of fortune//장기간의(모험)여행, 많은운명변화를 상징 officious//annoyingly eager to help or advise, meddlesome, excessively trying to please//참견하기 좋아하는, 주제넘은 olfactory//pertaining to the sense of smell//후각의, 냄새의 / 후각기관, 코 oligarchy//government by only a few people//과두 정치, 소수 독재 정치 ominous//1.threatening, menacing 2. portentous, of bad omen//1. 위협적인, 협박하는, 험악한 2. 불길한, 흉조의 <->auspicious omniscient//all-knowing, having infinite wisdom//전지의 //cf. omnipotent : all-powerful, 전능한 onerous//burdensome, oppressive; needing effort //1. 성가신, 귀찮은, 부담이 되는, 2. 힘든 opaque//impossible to see through and understand, dark, not transparent//불투명한, 광택 없는, 우둔한 opprobrious//extremely critical, showing scorn or reproach, disgraceful//(말 따위가)모욕적인, 상스러운, 입정사나운 opulent//luxurious, rich wealthy//부유한, 풍부한, 화려한 ordinance//law, regulation, decree//법령, 의식 orthodox//conventional//전통적인, 전통적인, 널리 인정된 oscillate//pulsate, vibrate pendulum-like, waver or vacillate//진동하다, (마음, 의견 등이) 동요하다 osmosis//gradual or subtle absorption//삼투, 삼투성 ostensible//apparent(but misleading), professed, pretended, alleged//외면상의, 표면상의, 겉 꾸밈의, 가장한 ostentatious//excessively conspicuous, showy, pretentious, flamboyant//허세 부리는, 겉만 번지르르한, 화려한 ostracize//shut out or exclude a person from a group, ban, shun//추방하다, 배척하다 oust//eject, expel, banish//내쫓다, 불법적으로 빼앗다 override//overrule, prevail over//(남의 의견, 결정, 희망, 요구 따위를) 무시하다, 짓밟다 overture//opening move, preliminary offer//서곡, 전주곡, 제안, 교섭 개시 oxymoron//모순어법 pacify//calm someone down, placate//달래다, 진정시키다 painstaking//extremely careful//수고를 아끼지 않는, 근면한(=pains-taking = taking pains) palatable//pleasing to the taste, agreeable to the feelings, gusty, relishing, sapid, savory//맛있는, 입에 맞는, 마음에 맞는 palliate//relieve, alleviate, assuage, mitigate, easy pain, make less guilty or offensive//(병,아픔, 형량, 죄) 감소시키다 pallor//paleness, whiteness//(얼굴의)창백 (a. pallid) palpable//tangible, obvious, easily perceptible//만질 수 있는, 명백한, 이해하기 쉬운 paltry//insignificant, worthless, petty//하찮은, 무가치한, 얼마 안 되는 panacea//cure-all, remedy fir all diseases//만병 통치약 pandemic//prevalent throughout a large area, rampant//전국적(넓은 지역)으로 유행하는 <-> endemic / epidemic, 전염병 panegyric//elaborate and formal praise, eulogy, compliment, encomium//찬사(말,글) parable//religious allegory, fable, morality tale//비유담, 우화 paradigm//model or example, archetype, paragon//모범, 본보기 paradox//statement that looks false but is actually correct//역설, 모순된 설, 파라독스 paragon//model of perfection, pattern of excellence, paradigm, archetype//모범, 전형, 본보기, 뛰어난 인물(것), 일품 parallel//similar, comparable//평행의, 같은 방향의, 유사한, 서로 같은 paranoia//편집증(환자), 과대망상증 paranormal//supernatural, phony//(초자연은 아니나)과학적으로 설명할 수 없는 parochial//narrow or confined in point of view, provincial//제한된, 좁은, 편협한, 교구의, 지방의 parody//satirical imitation, humorous imitation, travesty, lampoon//풍자적 모방 시문, 서투른 모방 paroxysm//sudden or violent outburst, a severe attack//발작, (분노, 웃음의)격발 parsimonious//stingy, excessively frugal, miserly, niggardly, penurious//인색한 partisan//one who supports a particular person, cause, or idea//도당, 일당, 한 동아리 partition//division, dividing wall//분할, 구획선 pastoral//rural, rustic, peaceful and calm like the country, bucolic//전원의, 목가의, 양치기의 / 목가, 전원시 patent//1. obvious, evident 3. open for public to real//1. 명백한 2. 특허의 3. 열려 있는, 개방성의 / 특허 / 특허를 얻다 paternal//fatherly, fatherlike//아버지의, 부계의 pathology//the science of diseases//병리학 pathos//tender sorrow, pity//애틋함을 자아내는 힘, 연민을 자아내는 것(성질), 애수, 비애, 정감, 페이소스 patina//green crust on old bronze works, verdigris//(오래된 청동에 생기는)푸른녹, 녹청, 오래된것의 고색창연한 빛 patriarch//father and ruler of a family or tribe//가장, 족장, 대주교 patrician//a person of noble birth, an aristocrat//고대 로마 귀족 <-> plebian patrimony//inheritance from father, legacy, bequest//세습 재산, 유산 patronize//1. treat as an inferior 2. condescend to//1. 후원하다 2. 선심쓰는체 생색내다 3. 단골로 자주가다 paucity//scarcity//결핍, 부족, 소량, 소수 peccadillo//a minor offense, misdemeanor//가벼운 실수, 조그만 결점, 사소한 범죄 peculiar//unusual, bizarre, individual//기묘한, 괴상한, 특유의, 독특한 pedantic//boringly scholarly or academic, showing off learning, bookish, scholastic//학자티를 내는, 아는체하는, 현학적인 pedestrian//2. unimaginative, banal, humdrum//1. 도보의, 보행의 2. 상상력없는, 평범한, 진부한 / 보행자 pejorative//negative, disgracing, derogatory, detracting, disparaging, depreciatory//가치를 떨어뜨리는, 경멸의 penchant//predilection, strong inclination, liking, proclivity, predisposition, propensity//강한 경향, 기호, 취미 penitent//sorry, repentant, contrite, remorseful//뉘우치는, 참회하는, 회개하는 pensive//dreamily thoughtful, thoughtful with a hint of sadness//생각에 잠긴, 애수를 띤 peregrination//wandering, traveling, expedition, journey//여행, 여정 peremptory//uncompromising, final, categorical, dictatorial//(명령이)단호한, (태도가)명령적인 perennial//continual, happening again and again or year after year//다년생의, 여러해 계속하는 perfidy//treachery, apostasy, disloyalty, faithlessness//배반, 불성실 perfunctory//superficial, listless, careless, unenthusiastic, cursory//되는 대로의, 형식적인, 무관심한, 겉치레의 peripatetic//traveling continually, itinerant, wandering, ambulant, nomadic//순회하는, 돌아다니는 periphery//outside edge of sth, especially of a round surface//둘레, 바깥면 perjury//lying under oath, false testimony, foreswearing//거짓 맹세, 위증 permeate//pass through, spread//침투하다, 스며들다, 널리 퍼지다 pernicious//extremely evil, very harmful, deleterious, injurious, baneful, pestilential, virulent//유해한, 파멸적인, 치명적인 perpetrator//one who committed the act//죄를 저지른 사람, 가해자 perpetuate//make sth perpetual, keep from perishing//영속 시키다, 불후하게 하다 perquisite//a privilege that goes along with a job, perk, bonus//부수입, 팁 pertinent//relevant, germane, suitable, to the point, apposite, apropos//적절한, 관계있는 perturb//disturb greatly//마음을 어지럽히다, 교란하다, 혼란하게 하다, 당황하게 하다 peruse//read carefully//정독하다, 숙독하다 n. perusal pervade//spread throughout//에 널리 퍼지다, 침투하다 perverse//1. perverted 2. pernicious, refractory, cranky, peevish, irritable //1. 타락한 2. 다루기힘든, 고집센, 성마른 petulant//rude, cranky, ill-tempered, touchy, peevish, fractious, fretful, irritable, testy//화를 잘 내는, 까다로운, 성마른 phantasm//apparition, ghost, phantom//유령, 환영 philanthropy//love of mankind especially by doing good deeds//박애, 자선, 자선 활동, 자선 사업 philistine//팔레스타인 사람, 교양이 없는 사람, 세속적이고 평범한 사람 phlegmatic//1. indifferent, not easily roused to excitement, stolid 2.imperturbable //1. 느릿한, 무기력한, 무관심한 2. 냉정한,침착한 pilgrimage//religious or spiritual journey, excursion, peregrination//성지순례 pious//1. reverent or devout 2. hypocritical //1. 신앙심이 깊은, 경건한 2. 신앙심이 깊은척 위선적인 piscine//fish-like//어류의, 어류와 같은 pivotal//crucial, cardinal, momentous//축의, 중추적인, 중요한 placate//pacify, appease, soothe, conciliate, assuage, mollify, propitiate, slake//달래다, 위로하다, 가라앉히다, 삭이다 placebo//fake medication//위약(거짓약) plaintive//expressing sadness or sorrow, mournful, doleful, dolorous, lamentable, lugubrious//애처로운, 슬픈 platitude//trite remark, commonplace statement, cliche?, banality, prosaism//진부한 말, 흔해 빠진 발언 platonic//nonsexual, purely spiritual, theoretical//플라톤 철학의(육욕을 떠난), 정신적인 / 정신적 연애,우정 plausible//1. seem to be right or reasonable, believable 2. convincing //1. 그럴듯하게 보이는 2. 설득력있는 말을 잘하는 plebian(plebeian)//common, vulgar, low class, bourgeois//보통의, 평범한, 속된(vulgar), 천한, (로마의)평민(의) <-> patrician plethora//1. excess, overabundance, superfluity, surplus //1. 과다, 과잉 2. 적혈구 과다증, 다혈증 pliable//1. flexible, easy to band 2. easy to convince, persuade or mold //1. 휘기 쉬운, 유연한 2. 유순한 plight//predicamen / promise, pledge, betroty//곤경 / 서약하다, 맹세하다, 약혼하다 plunder//loot, ransack/ booty/// 약탈하다, 강탈하다 / 약탈품, 전리품 pluralism//복수, 겸직, 겸임, (철학)다원론 poignant//pointed, painfully emotional, extremely moving, sharp, piquant, pungent//신랄한, 날카로운, 감동적인, 통절한 polarize//break up into opposing fractions or groupings, dichotomize//극성을 주다, 양극화하다, 대립시키다, 분열하다 polemic//powerfully dispute, controversy, argument in support of point of view//논쟁, 논박 / pl. 논증법 ponderous//1. heavy, bulky, unwieldy, massive 2. dull //1. 아주 무거운, 다루기에 불편한, 방대한, 2. 지루한 pontificate//speak pompously or dogmatically//(과오가 절대 없는척)젠체하다, 거드름 피우며 이야기 하다 / 주교의 직위 porcine//pig-like porous//filled with many tiny holes, permeable, penetrable, pervious, absorbent//작은 구멍이 많은, 삼투성의 portent//sign, omen, forewarning, presage//전조, 흉조 posterity//descendants, future generation, progeny, offspring, progeniture, scions//자손, 후세 posthumous//2. after death, postmoral //1. 유복자로 태어난 2. 사후에 출판된, 사후의, 사후에 일어나는 postulate//sth accepted as true without proof, axiom//기본원리, 필요조건, 공리,원리 /필연적 사실로 주장,제안,가정하다 posture//1. act artificially or affectedly 2. attitude 3.state//1. 젠체하다 2. 포즈를 취하다 / 자세, 태도, 마음가짐 3. 상태 pragmatic//practical, down to earth, based on experience ,concerned with practical values//실용주의의, 실제적인 prattle//talk idly or childishly, babble//(어른이 애같이) 떠듬거리는 말하다, 혀짧은소리를 하다 / 그런 말 precarious//doubtable, unstable, uncertain; dangerously insecure or unsteady, unsafe, risky//불확실한, 불안한; 위험한 precedent//antecedent, earlier example or model of sth, preceding in time, rank, etc., 선례, 판례 precept//a rule to live by, principle, decree, ordinance, prescript, regulation, statute//(행동의) 규칙 precipitate//1.높은데서떨어뜨리다 2.가속(촉진)하다 3.(고체)침전시키다 4.(수증기)응결시키다/침전물,응결물/hasty,조급한 precipitous//steep, clifflike//가파른 preclude//prevent sth from ever happening, deter, forestall, obviate, make impossible//일어나지 않게 미리막다, 방해하다 precocious//premature, unusually mature, developed ahead of time, uncommonly gifted//조숙한, (행동,지식) 발달이 빠른 precursor//trailblazer, forerunner, harbinger, herald//선구자, 선배, 전조 predecessor//sn or sth that precedes in time, ancestor, antecedent, precursor//전임자, 먼저것, 선배, 선조 <-> successor predicament//dilemma, plight, quandary//곤경, 궁지 predilection//nature preference, partiality, disposition, penchant, predisposition, propensity, proclivity//특히 좋아함, 편애 predispose//make susceptible, cause to be incline toward//마음 내키게하다 //cf. dispose :처리하다,처치하다,배척하다 predominant//most important, dominant//우세한, 주요한, 탁월한, 현저한 preeminent//outstanding, supreme, superior, prominent, salient, conspicuous, renowned//발군의, 남보다 뛰어난, 현저한 preempt//seize sth by prior right, appropriate beforehand//선매권에 의하여 획득하다, 선취하다 pregnant//2. highly significant, overflowing //1. 임신한 2. (함축된) 의미심장한, 풍부한 뜻 깊은 prelude//introduction, forerunner, overture, preamble, preface, prologue//전주곡, 서막, 준비 행위 / …의 서막이 되다 premeditated//planned beforehand, prearranged, plotted, precogitated, predetermined//미리 생각한, 계획적인 premise//1. assumption, the basis for a conclusion, postulate//1. (삼단논법의)전제 2. 구내 / …을 전제로하다 preponderance//majority, predominance, superiority of power, quantity//(무게, 수, 크기, 힘, 정도에 있어서)우세함, 우위 prepossess//preoccupy, influence beforehand or prejudice, make good impression//선입관을 가지게 하다, 좋은인상을주다 prerogative//privilege, unquestionable right//특권 presage//portend, foreshadow, forecast, predict, foretell, bode//예감하다, 예언하다, …의 전조가 되다 / 육감, 예감, 전조 presentiment//premonition, foreboding, prediction, presage//(불길한)예감, 불안감 presumably//probably, the assumption is that, doubtless//아마, 추측컨데 presuppose//1. assume beforehand 2. take for granted in advance, require as a prior condition //1. 미리 가정하다 2. 필요조건으로 하다 prevail//triumph, overcome rivals, predominate, preponderate//우세하다, 널리 보급하다, 유력하다, 압도하다 primal//1. first, original 2. of the greatest importance //1. 최초의, 근원의 2. 주요한 pristine//perfectly clean and untouched, unspoiled, pure, characteristic of earlier times, primitive//본래의, 원시의, 초기의 privation//lack of comforts or necessities, poverty, destitution, indigence, penury//(생활 필수품 등의)결핍,가난,결여,박탈 proclaim//announce, declare, make known//...을 공언하다, 선언하다 procure//1. obtain or acquire by special means 2. bring about, cause //1. (노력하여)얻다 2. 초래하다, 야기시키다 prodigal//wastefully extravagant, reckless with money, lavish, profuse//아낌없이 주는, 풍부한, 낭비하는 prodigious//extraordinary, marvelous, enormous, colossal, huge, titanic//거대한, 놀랄 만한, 놀라운 prodigy//miracle, extraordinary accomplishment or occurrence//경이로운 일, 불가사의한 일, 불가사의한 사람, 천재 profane//irreverent, blasphemous, desecrate//모독적인, 신성을 더럽히는, 세속의, 사교의 / defile, (신성을)더럽히다 profess//declare, declare falsely or pretend//공언하다, 단언하다, 주장하다, 속이다 proficient//thoroughly competent, skillful, dexterous, very good//숙련된, 숙달한 profligate//widely immoral, dissipate, wanton, dissolute, wasteful, licentious//방탕한, 품행이 나쁜, 낭비하는 / 방탕자 profound//deep//깊은, 뿌리 깊은, 심원한, 해박한, 난해한 profuse//1. flowing, fluent 2. extravagant //1. 아낌없이 주는, 풍부한 2. 낭비하는 progeny//offspring, descendants, posterity, scions//자손, 후예 proletariat//industrial working class//무산계급, 최하층민, 프롤레타리아 proliferate//spread or grow rapidly//증식 시키다, 급격히 증가하다(시키다) prolific//productive, fertile, fecund, abundantly fruitful//아이를 많이 낳는, 다산의, 비옥한, 풍부한 promulgate//make known by official proclamation or publication//공포하다, 퍼뜨리다, 널리 펴다, 선전하다, 보급하다 propagate//reproduce, multiply, spread or disseminate//번식시키다, 선전하다, (빛, 소리를)전하다, 보급하다 propensity//natural inclination or tendency, predilection, disposition, penchant, proclivity//경향, 버릇, 벽 propitious//marked by favorable signs or conditions, favorable, kindly//길조의, 상서로운, 유리한, 자비로운, 호의를 가진 proponent//advocate, supporter, exponent//옹호자, 지지자, 제안자, 제의자 propound//put forth for analysis, propose, offer for consideration//(문제, 계획 따위를) 제출하다, 제의하다 proprietary//characteristic of an owner of property, constituting property//독점의, 소유자의, 소유자다운 propriety//properness, good manners, fitness, correct conduct, decorum, decency, dignity//적당함, 예의 바름 prosaic//unimaginative, like prose, commonplace, dull//산문적인, 평범한, 지루한 proscribe//outlaw, prohibit, ostracize, banish, exile, expatriate//법으로 금지하다, 배척하다, 추방하다 proselytize//convert to a religion or belief//개종(전향, 변절) 시키다, 전도하다, 전향시키다 protagonist//the leading character in a novel//(소설, 극 따위의)주인공, 주창자 protege//person under the protection and support of a patron, subordinate//(장기간에 걸친) 피보호자, 부하 protocol//diplomatic etiquette and customs//외교의례, 의정서, 행동규약, 조약의 초안 protract//prolong, lengthen the time//(시간) 오래 끌게 하다, 연장하다 provident//preparing for the future, displaying foresight, frugal, thrifty//선견지명이 있는, 미래를 준비하는, 신중한, 검소한 provincial//pertaining to a province, limited, narrow, insular//편협한, 지방의, 시골의, 옹졸한 provisional//conditional, temporary, tentative//임시의, 일시적인 provocation//1. act of provoking 2. incitement, cause //1. 성남, 성나게함 2. 자극(물), 화나게하는것, 선동 prowess//1. superior skill or ability 2. superior strength or bravery //1. 뛰어난 솜씨와 능력 2. 뛰어난 힘과 용기 proximity//nearness//근접, 인접, 가까운 prudent//careful, having foresight, provident, chary, circumspect, wary, canny//신중한, 현명한, 빈틈없는 prurient//having lustful thoughts, causing lust, licentious, lecherous, lascivious, amorous//호색의, 음란한, 외설의 pseudonym//alias, false name, alias, pen name//익명, 가명, (저자의)아호, 필명 psyche//human soul, mind, spirit//영혼, 정신 pummel//pound or punch with the fists, beat, strike//(주먹으로)...을 연타하다 punctilious//meticulously attentive to detail, scrupulously exact, fussy, heedful//사소한 일에 너무 마음쓰는, 꼼꼼한, 세심한 pundit//learned Hindu, any learned man, authority on a subject, guru, savant//박식한 사람, 한 학과의 권위자 pungent//acrid, incisive, piquant, stinging, caustic//(맛, 냄새, 말이) 자극하는, 날카로운, 신랄한, 마음을 찌르는 punitive//inflicting a punishment, castigatory//형벌의, 벌주는 purblind//dim-sighted, practically blind, lacking understand or imagination, obtuse//거의 눈먼, 반소경의, 우둔한 puritanical//like puritan, very severe and strict about morals//청교도적인, 매우 엄격한(종교,도덕) purported//rumored, claimed//...이라고 소문이 난(일러지는), …이라고 주장된, …을 의미하는 putative//commonly accepted, supposed, hypothetical, reputed//추정의, 소문상의, 증명되지 않은 quaint//pleasantly old-fashioned, picturesque, odd, idiosyncratic//별스러워 재미있는, 고풍이며 아취 있는, 기이한 qualify//1. entitle 2. limit, modify or restrict //1. …에게 자격을 주다, 권한을 주다 2. 제한하다, 수식하다(문법) qualitative//having to do with the quality or qualities of something//질적인, 질에 관한 quandary//state of perplexity, bewilderment, dilemma, predicament//당혹, 당황, 곤경 quasi//almost, near, resembling//거의-, 유사-, 준- quay//a landing on the edge of the water, wharf, pier//선창, 부두 quell//put an end to, squelch, suppress, subdue(rebellion, rebels, opposition), (폭동, 혼란)을 억누르다, 진압하다 querulous//complaining, grumbling, fretful, whining, irritable, fractious, peevish, petulant//불평을 하는, 투덜거리는, 성마른 query//question, inquiry//질문, 의문 / 질문을 하다, 의문을 나타내다 queue//a line or file//(차례를 기다리는) 줄, 열, 행렬 / 열을짓다, 줄을서다 quiescent//motionless, at rest, still, dormant, latent, abeyant, potential//정지한, 무활동의, 고요한, 쉬고 있는 quintessential//being the most perfect example, essential, substantial//이상형의, 전형의 본체의 정수의, 전형적인 quixotic//idealistic but impractical//자기자신의 이득을 무시하는데 있어서 아끼지않고, 사심없고, 공상적인, 돈키호테식의 quizzical//1. questioning, inquisitive 2. teasing, mocking 3. eccentric, odd //1. 호기심많은 2. 놀리는, 조롱하는 3. 기이한 quotidian//daily, everyday, ordinary//매일의, 매일 일어나는, 평범한 ramification//consequence, branching out, subdivision//가지쳐 나감, 구분, 분기, 분리, 세부화 rampant//widespread, uncontrollable, prevalent, raging//(식물) 울창한, 무성한, (병, 사회악) 만연한, 겉잡을수없는 rancor//bitter and long-lasting ill will or resentment, enmity, animosity, bitterness, hatred//(깊은)원한, 유감, 악의, 증오 rapacious//excessively grasping, plundering, greedy, avaricious, voracious, gluttonous//(특히 돈에대해)탐욕스런,욕심많은 rapture//ecstasy, bliss, unequaled joy//황홀(경), 환희, 무아지경, 기쁨 rarefied//esoteric, interesting to a select group only, exalted//희박한, 세련된 ratify//confirm, approve sth formally//실증하다, (조약 따위를) 비준하다, 공식적으로 인정하다, 제가하다 ratiocination//logical reasoning, act of drawing conclusion from premises, inference, deduction//(삼단논법의) 추리, 추론 rationale//underlying reason, basis, reasoning//근본이유, 논리적근거 //cf. rational : 이성의, 합리적인, 추리의 raucous//stridently loud, rowdy, harsh and shrill, hoarse, strident//쉰 목소리의, (소리)귀에 거슬리는, 거친 reactionary//retrograde, ultraconservative, right-wing, backward-thinking//반동의,반발의, 보수주의의,복고적인/ 보수주의자 rebuff//snub, reject, spurn//(원조, 호의등에 대해) 냉대하다, 거절하다 / 거절, 퇴짜 rebuke//criticize sharply//비난하다, 꾸짖다 / 비난, 힐책 rebut//contradict, argue in opposition, provoke to be false//논박하다, 반증하다 recalcitrant//stubborn, unruly, refractory, fractious, intractable, untoward, disobedient//완강하게 반항하는,고집센,순종하지 않는 recant//publicly take back and deny, recall, retract, repudiate, withdraw previous statement//취소하다, 철회하다 recidivism//act of repeating an offense, habitual return to crime//상습적 범죄 //cf. recidivist, 상습범 reciprocal//mutual, shared, interchangeable, exchangeable, interacting//서로간의, 상호간의, 상반되는, 역의 reclaim//1. 황무지를 개간하다 2. 교정하다, 개심 시키다, 쓸수있게 고치다 3. 반환을 요구하다 reclusive//hermitlike, withdrawn from society//속세를 버린, 은둔한 recondite//hard to understand, over one's head, abstruse, profound, secret//심오한, 난해한, 알기 어려운, 숨겨진 recrimination//bitter counteraccusation, countercharges//되받아 비난함, 반소, 맞고소 redeem//1. buy back 2. fulfill 3. make up for 4. rescue from sin//1. 상환하다 2. (의무)를 이행하다 3. 결점을 메우다 4. 죄인을 구하다 redolent//1. fragrant, odorous, aromatic, odoriferous 2. reminiscent //1. 좋은 냄새가 나는 2. …을 생각나게하는 redress//1. remedy 2. compensate for, make amends for / remedy, amend, restitution//1. 고치다, 2. 보상하다 / 교정,시정,보상 redundant//unnecessarily repetitive, excessive, superfluous, excessively wordy, prolix//여분의, 과다한, 잉여의, 군말의 referendum//suffrage//국민투표, 일반투표 refractory//resisting control, stubborn, unmanageable, recalcitrant//말을 잘 안듣는, 다루기 힘드는, 완고한, 고질병의, 난치의 refute//prove to be false, disprove, controvert, rebut//논박하다, 반박하다 regime//method or system of government//정치제도, 정체, 체제, 정권 regimen//regulated course//양생법, 식이요법, 규정된 과정, 절차 reiterate//say again, repeat, harp//(여러 번)되풀이하다(반복하다), 반복하여 말하다 relegate//1. delegate 2. banish, consign to inferior position //1. 위탁하다, 위임하다 2. 추방하다, 좌천시키다, 격하하다 relentless//1. without pity, unyielding 2. continuous, unstoppable, steady, persistent//1. 무자비한, 가차없는, 엄한 relinquish//abandon, waive, forgo, release or let go, stop doing//(계획.습관 등을)그만두다, 버리다, 포기하다, 양도하다 remission//1. disappearance of a disease 2. pardon, forgiveness //1. 병, 아픔의 완화, 사라짐 2. 사면, 면죄 remonstrate//argue against, raise objections, protest, resist, withstand//항의하다, 이의를 말하다 remuneration//payment, recompose, stipend//보수, 보답 renaissance//rebirth or revival//부활, 신생, 부흥 rend//split, tear apart, rip, cleave//째다, 찢다, 나누다, 떼어놓다, 강탈하다 render//1. submit, present, give 2. cause to be, make //1. 제출하다, 제공하다, 주다 2. …되게하다 3. 번역하다, 연출하다 renounce//give up formally or resign, abandon, discontinue, disown, repudiate//포기하다, 그만두다 //cf. denounce:비난하다 reparation//paying back, amends, compensation, redress, restitution, indemnification//보상, 배상, 전쟁 보상금 repartee//quick and witty reply, witty, clever reply, sally//재치 있는 응답, 재치 있게 맞받는 재간 repercussion//consequence, indirect effect, rebound, reverberation, reaction//간접적 영향, (빛의)반사, 반향, 되튐, 반격 replenish//fill up again, resupply, restore//다시 채우다, 새로 보충(보급)하다 replete//completely filled, abounding, plenary, abundantly supplied, fraught//가득찬, 충만한, 충분히 공급된 replicate//1. duplicate, copy 2. fold over or bend back //1. 복사하다 2. (잎 등을)뒤로 접다 repose//1. rest 2. be based on,trust in / rest, tranquility, relaxation//1. 쉬다 2. …에 기초를 두다, 신뢰를 두다 / 휴식, 침착, 평정 reprehensible//worth of blame or censure, deserving blame, blamable, censurable, culpable//비난할 만한, 괘씸한 repress//hold back, conceal from oneself, suppress//(감정을) 억제하다, 참다, ...을 진압하다 reprimand//reprove or rebuke severely and officially, impeach//공식적으로 비난하다, 징계하다, 견책하다 / 징계, 견책 reprisal//retaliation, revenge, counterattack, avengement, vengeance, retort//보복, 앙갚음, 보복행위 reproach//scold, blame, disgrace //꾸짖다, 비난하다 / 1. 비난, 질책, 2. 비난의 말, 3. 불명예, 4. 치욕, 망신거리 reprobate//person hardened in sin, devoid of sense of decency, degenerate//타락자, 무뢰한 / 책망하다, 비난하다 reprove//criticize mildly, censure, chide, reprimand, reproach, rebuke//꾸짖다, 나무라다, 비난하다, 야단치다 repudiate//reject, renounce, recant, disown, disavow, disclaim//거절하다, 부인하다, 포기하다 repugnant//repulsive, offensive, disgusting//싫은, 혐오스런, 불쾌한 requisite//necessary required / prerequisite, requirement//필요한, 필수의 / 필수품, 요소, 필요조건 resignation//1. resigning 2. passive submission //1. 사임, 사표장, 2. 순종, 체념, [소극적인] 승인, 묵인(acquiescence) resolute//determined, firm, unwavering//굳게 결심한, 단호한, 불굴의, 의연한 respite//a period of rest or relief, delay in punishment//일시적 중지, 휴지, 휴식 resplendent//brilliantly shining, radiant, dazzling//매우 빛나는, 눈부시게(빤짝빤짝) 빛나는, 찬란한 resurrection//return to life, revival//그리스도의 부활, 전인류의 부활, 부흥, 부활, 재유행, 시체의 도굴 reticent//quiet, restrained, taciturn, reluctant to speak (especially about oneself)//과묵한, 입이 무거운, 삼가는 retort//make a sharp reply / retaliation, reprisal//말대꾸하다, 앙갚음하다 / 반박, 말대꾸 retrospect//looking backward, review//회상, 회고 <-> prospect revamp//revise, renovate//수선하다, 개조(개정.혁신.개혁)하다 revel//enjoy thoroughly, take delight in, carouse / revelry, bacchanal//즐겁게 지내다, 진탕 마시고 놀다 / 환락, 술잔치 revere//respect highly, honor//(경건한 마음으로)숭배하다, 경외하다, 존경하다 revile//scold abusively, berate, denounce, slander, vilify, calumniate, libel, malign, traduce//비방하다, 비난하다 revulsion//loathing, repugnance, disgust//감정의 갑작스런 혐오감, 불쾌, 반발심 rhapsodize//speak extremely enthusiastically, gush//열광적으로 쓰다(말하다) //cf. rhapsody: 광상곡, 열광적 표현 rhetoric//art of effective communication, insincere language, eloquence, oratory//수사학, 웅변술, 미사여구 ribald//indecent or vulgar, off-color, wanton, profane, blasphemous//상스러운(말을하는) rife//1. occurring frequently, widespread, common 2. abundant, teeming, swarming //1. 성행하는, 보편적인 2. 충만한 rigorous//strict, harsh, severe//엄격한, 호된, 엄한, 가혹한 rivet//1. engross 2. hold firmly //1. [눈, 주의]를 집중하다, 주의를 끌다 2. 단단히 고정하다 robust//vigorous, strong and healthy, stout, stalwart, sturdy//(사람.몸이)강건한, 건장한, 튼튼한, (신념.정신이)강한 rogue//criminally dishonest person, scoundrel//건달, 깡패, 개구장이 rout//1. put to flight, scatter 2. defeat overwhelmingly//1. 패주시키다 2. 참패시키다 / 떠들석한 군중, 회합, 참패, 패주 rudimentary//basic, crude, unformed or undeveloped, elementary, embryonic//기본의, 초보의, 미 발달의, 형성기의 rue//mourn, regret, repent of//후회하다, 유감으로 여기다, 슬퍼하다 / 후회, 연민, 비탄 ruminate//contemplate, ponder, mull over, chew the cud, ponder//곰곰 생각하다, 심사숙고하다 rustic//rural, bucolic, pastoral, uncouth, crude, gauche//시골의, 소박한, 시골뜨기의，시골풍의, 투박한, 거친 saccharine//sweet, excessively or disgustingly sweet//달콤한 sacrilege//a violation of sth sacred, blasphemy, profanity//신성 모독 //cf. sacrosanct: 신성불가침의 sacrosanct//most sacred, inviolable//신성 불가침의, 신성한 sagacious//discerning, wise, keen in judgment, shrewd, having insight, discerning, judicious, sage//현명한, 영리한, 기민한 salient//sticking out, conspicuous, leaping, prominent, preeminent//현저한, 돌출한 sally//1. attack 2. excursion, jaunt, expedition 3. repartee //1. 돌격,출격 2. 짧은여행,소풍 3. 재치있는응답 / 1,2,3 …하다 salutary//healthful, remedial, curative, tending to improve, beneficial, wholesome//(심신에) 유익한, 건강에 좋은 salutation//greeting, welcome, opening words of greeting//인사, 인사말 sanctimonious//affecting religious feeling, displaying ostentatious or hypocritical devoutness, pharisaical//신앙심이 깊은척 하는 sanction//official permission, approval, endorsement, penalty//공식적(법적) 인가,허가,제재,처벌 / 공식적으로 동의하다 sanguine//1. cheerful, optimistic, hopeful //1. 명랑한, 희망에 찬, ~을 확신하는, 낙천적인 2. 혈색이 좋은 sarcasm//irony, jokingly or bitingly saying the opposite of what is meant//반어, 비꼬는말, 풍자 sardonic//mocking, scornful, disdainful, sarcastic, cynical//조롱하는, 비웃는, 냉소적인, 빈정대는 savant//scholar, very knowledgeable and learned person, pundit//대 학자 scant//limited, meager, barely sufficient//부족한, 모자라는(량) //cf. scanty, 모자라는(수) schism//division, separation, rupture, discord or disharmony//(단체의)분열, (교회의)분립, 분파 scintillate//sparkle (either literally or figuratively), flash, glitter, shimmer, twinkle//불꽃을 내다, 번쩍이다, 재치가　번득하다 scorn//disdain, contempt//경멸하다, 멸시하다 / 경멸, 멸시 scrupulous//careful, conscientious, extremely thorough, fussy, heedful, meticulous, punctilious//조심하는, 면밀한, 꼼꼼한 scrutinize//examine very carefully, canvass, survey//자세히 조사하다, 속속들이 알아보다 seamless//without seam, smooth//이음새가 없는 //cfseam →1. 솔기, 이음자리 2. 갈라진 틈, 흠 3. 봉합선 secede//withdraw from an alliance//(조직에서) 탈퇴하다, 이탈하다 seclusion//aloneness, withdrawal from other people, reclusion, sequestration//격리(됨), 호젓한곳, 은퇴, 은둔 sect//a small religious subgroup or religion, faction, clique//종파, 교파, 당파 secular//not of religious or spiritual concerns, worldly, not pertaining to church matters, temporal, mundane//세속의, 현세의 sedentary//largely confined to sitting down//줄곧 앉아 있는, 앉아서 일하는, 정주성의，정착성의 sedition//treason, the incitement of public disorder or rebellion, mutiny//선동(하는 언동) self-made//1. 자력으로 입신출세한, 자수성가한 2. 자기가 만든 sensory//of senses or sensation//감각의, 감각 기관의, 감각을 전달하는 sententious//1. terse, aphoristic 2. preachy, self-righteous, pompous //1. 간결한, 금언적인, 교훈적인 2. 금언투의, 인체하는 sentient//able to perceive by the senses, conscious//느낄 수 있는, 감각(지각)력이 있는 sequester//1.set or keep apart, retire from public life, segregate, seclude//1. 격리시키다, 은퇴하다 2. 몰수하다, 가압류하다 serendipity//accidental good fortune, discovering good things without looking for them//뜻밖의발견, 재수좋게찾아낸것,횡재 serene//calm, peaceful, tranquil, untroubled//잔잔한, 조용한 serpentine//snake-like; winding, sinuous//뱀의, 뱀과 같은; 꼬불꼬불한//cf. serpent → 뱀 servile//submissive, subservient, like a servant, slavish, cringing, menial, obsequious//노예근성의, 아첨하는, 비천한 shackle//manacle, pinion. chain, fetter, curb, restraint//수갑, 족쇄, 구속 / 수갑을 채우다, 속박하다, 방해하다 shibboleth//slogan or catchword//(단체의 회원임을 구별하는 기준이 되는)말, 행동, 습관, (당파의)구호, 표어 shrewd//wily, sagacious, perspicacious, cunning, sly, astute//영리한, 약삭빠른, 교활한 singular//unique, superior, exceptional, unusual//유일한, 뛰어난, 유례없는 skirmish//fight between small groups, brief conflict//작은 충돌, 전투, 논쟁 /작은 전투, 논쟁을 하다 skittish//nervous, easily startled, jumpy, lively, frisky//놀라기 잘하는, 활기 있는, 쾌활한, 까부는 slake//1. quench 2. satisfy 3. assuage //1. (불을) 끄다 2. (욕망을) 채우다 3. 약화시키다 slander//defame, spread malicious rumor / calumny, depreciation, detraction, disparagement//중상모략하다 / 중상, 비방 sloth//laziness, sluggishness, indolence//나태, 게으름, 나무늘보 sobriety//state of being sober, seriousness, soberness//자제, 절제, (술에 안취한)제정신 solace//consolation, comfort//위안(물), 위로(하는것) / …에게 위안을 주다, 위안이 되다 solicitous//eager and attentive, anxiously caring or attentive, worried, concerned//걱정하는, 도우려고 애쓰는 solidarity//sense of unity//일치단결, 결속 solvent//2. able to pay all debts, not broke or bankrupt //1. 용해능력이 있는 2. 지불 능력이 있는 sophomoric//juvenile, childishly goofy, immature, shallow, callow//(대학) 2학년생의, 무식하면서 짐짓 재는, 미숙한 soporific//sleep inducing, sleepy, somnolent / sleep produce //최면의, 졸린, 졸리게하는 / 수면제, 최면제 sordid//1. wretched, shabby, filthy, squalid 2. morally vile, contemptible //1. 비참한, 지저분한 2. (사람) 비난받아 마땅한 sovereign//supreme ruler, monarch//주권자, 통치자, 군주 spate//1. sudden river flood 2. sudden outpouring //1. (강의) 큰물, 홍수 2. 쇄도, 큰비, (감정의) 격발, 말문이 터져나옴 spawn//lay eggs//1. (물고기 따위가)알을 낳다 / (물고기, 개구리 따위의) 알, 균사 specious//deceptively plausible or attractable, seemingly reasonable but incorrect, casuistic//허울좋은, 겉만 그럴듯한 specter//ghost, phantom//유령, 유령같은것 spectrum//broad sequence or range of different but related things or idea//스펙트럼 sporadic//stopping and starting, occurring irregularly, scattered, fitful, spasmodic//산발적인, 산재하는, 드문드문한, 돌발적인 spurious//false, fake, counterfeit, apocryphal, bogus, sham, unauthentic, ungenuine//가짜의, 위조한 spurn//reject or refuse disdainfully, rebuff, scorn//퇴짜놓다, (제의, 사람의 접근을) 무시하다, 냉대하다 squalor//filth, wretched, degraded or repulsive living conditions//불결함, 더러움, 천함, 야비함 squander//waste//낭비하다 stagnation//motionlessness, inactivity//침체, 불경기 stalwart//strong, sturdily built, stout, robust, brawny, valiant, unwavering, steadfast//튼튼한,용감한,확고한/충실한지지자 stark//1. stiff(in death) 2. complete, utter, unmitigated, downright 3. harsh, grim//1. (죽어서) 뻣뻣해진, 2. 완전한, 순전한 static//stationary, not changing or moving//정적인, 정지된, 정지 상태의 staunch//1. firm and steadfast, strong, solid 2. stanch //1. 완고한, 확고부동한, 2. (피의)흐름을 막다 steadfast//loyal, faithful//충실한, 확고부동한, 불변의 stigmatize//brand with disgrace, mark as wicked//…에 오명을 씌우다, 비난하다 stint//1. restrict or limit 2. to be frugal or sparing / 2. limitation //1. 제한하다 2. 아끼다, 줄이다 / 1. 일정 할당량 2. 제한 stipend//income, allowance, salary, pay for services, remuneration//급료, 봉급 stipulate//1. require sth as a part of an agreement //1. (필요조건으로)약정하다, 규정하다, 2. (계약의 일부로)주장하다 stoic//person who is indifferent to pleasure or pain, epicurean//금욕주의자, 극기주의자 stolid//impassive, apathetic, phlegmatic, dull, impassive//둔감한, 감정표현이 느린 stout//1. plump, fat 2. strong, stocky, sturdy, stalwart 3. valiant 4. substantial //1. 뚱뚱한 2. 튼튼한 3. 용감한 4. 굳은, 견고한 stratagem//maneuver designed to outwit an enemy, scheme, ruse, subterfuge, chicanery//전략, 계략 stratum//layer of earth's surface, layer of society, level//층, 지층, 사회 계층 stricture//1. restriction, limitation 2. critical comments, severe and adverse criticism, reprehension//1. 제한 2. 비난, 혹평 strife//bitter conflict, discord, struggle or clash//투쟁, 쟁의, 불화, 반목, 싸움 stringent//1. strict, restrictive, austere, rigorous, severe //1. 엄격한, 절대 어길 수 없는, 엄중한, 절박한 2. 돈이 잘 안도는 stupendous//1. remarkable, extraordinary 2. remarkably large or gigantic //1. 놀랄만한 2. 엄청나게 큰, 거대한 stupor//stunned condition, near-unconsciousness, apathy, inertia, daze (충격,술 등으로인한) 무감각, 혼수, 망연 stymie//2. thwart, get in the way of, hinder //1. (골프) 스타이미 2. 방해하다 subjugate//subdue and dominate, enslave, conquer, bring under control//정복하다, 복종시키다 sublime//awesome, extremely exalted, loft, majestic, noble, uplifting//숭고한, 장엄한, 탁월한, 고상한 subordinate//lower//종속하는, 부수하는, 아래의, 하위의 / 하위자, 종속자, 부하 / …을 아래에 두다, 경시하다, 종속시키다 subside//sink of settle, diminish, lessen, wane//(홍수후 물이)빠지다, (땅이)내려앉다, (바람,걱정,소동등이) 누그러지다 subsidiary//supplemental, additional, secondary or subordinate, ancillary, appurtenant//종속적인, 부수적인 subsidize//provide subsidy, make a financial contribution//...에게 보조금을 지급하다 substantiate//support with proof or evidence, verify, confirm, corroborate, validate, authenticate//증명하다, 실체화하다 substantive//having substance, real, substantial, essential, cardinal, substantial//본질적인, 존재하는, 실제의, 현실의 subterfuge//pretense, evasion, artifice, trick or stratagem, ruse, pretext, tergiversation, chicanery//구실, 핑계, 속임수, 둘러댐 subtle//not obvious, ingenious, crafty//미묘하여 신비한, 예민한, 교활한, 교묘한 subversive//corrupting, overthrowing, undermining, insurgent, mutinous, tending to overthrow or run//전복하는, 파괴하는 succinct//brief and to the point, terse, compact, laconic, pithy, sententious//간결한 succumb//yield or submit, die, capitulate, surrender//죽다, 쓰러지다, 굴복하다, 복종하다 suffice//be sufficient, be enough//충분하다 suffrage//the right to vote, referendum//투표, 찬성, 선거권 suffuse//cover, overspread, pervade, saturate//(액체, 눈물, 빛, 빛깔, 따위가) …의 표면위에 서서히 퍼지다 sumptuous//luxurious, splendid, lavish, rich//값진, 화려한, 사치스러운 supercilious//contemptuous, haughty, patronizing, arrogant, disdainful, insolent//거만한 superficial//on the surface only, shallow, not thorough, trivial, cursory//표면의, 피상적인, 천박한 superfluous//extra, unnecessary, redundant//남아도는, 불필요한 supersede//displace, take the place of, supplant, replace, make sth obsolete//대신하다, 대체하다, 교체하다, 경질하다 supine//1. lying on back 2. inactive, indolent, lethargic //1. 등을 대고 반듯이 누운 <-> prone 2. 활발치 못한, 게으른 supplication//humble prayer, earnest entreaty//간청, 애원 suppress//overpower, subdue, quash, repress//억누르다, 진압하다 surfeit//cloy, overfeed, glut, gorge, sate, satiate//과음,과식하다, 물리게하다, 만족시키다 / 과다, 과음, 과식 surmise//conjecture, guess//추측하다 / 추측 surreal//having an unreal, fantastic quality, hallucinatory, dreamlike//초현실적인 surreptitious//sneaky, secret, clandestine, covert, furtive, stealthy, sub-rosa, insidious//비밀의, 몰래하는 surrogate//substitute, vicarious / alternate, deputy //대리의, 대용의 / 대리인 susceptible//1. impressionable 2.(…to) sensitive to 3.(…of) capable of //1. 감정에 쉽게 좌우되는, 2. …에 민감한, 3. …할수있는 sweeping//far-reaching, extensive, wide-ranging//광범위한, 총괄적인 sycophant//one who sucks up to others, fawner, flatterer, trucker//아첨꾼 syntax//구문, 문법, 구문론, 문장론 synthesis//combining parts into a whole//종합, 합성 systemic//affecting the entire system or body//조직(체계, 계통)의, 온몸의 //cf. systematic : orderly, meticulous, methodical tacit//implied, not spoken, not put into words, alluded, implicit, intimated//(무언으로)암시하는, 무언의 taciturn//habitually silent, talking little, reticent//말없는, 과묵한 tactical//of tactics//전술상의 taint//contaminant, trace of sth spoiled, stigma//얼룩, 오점, 치욕, 부패, 감염 / 오염시키다, 감염시키다, 부패하다 tangential//only superficially related to the matter, not especially relevant//접선의, 접하는, 주제를 벗어나 겉도는 tangible//touchable, detectable, palpable//만질 수 있는, 만져서 알 수 있는, 실속있는, 명백한, 확실한 tantamount//equivalent to, equal, identical//동등한, 같은 tautological//redundant, circular, needlessly repetitious//같은 뜻의 말을 반복하는, 필요없이 반복하는 tedium//dullness, monotony, boredom, weariness, ennui, irksomeness//권태, 단조로움, 지루함 teem//1. swarm, be inundated, overrun 2. (…down) pour //1. 많다 2. (비 따위가) 퍼붓다 temerity//boldness, recklessness, audacity, rashness, foolhardiness, precipitateness, bravado//무모함, 만용 temperate//mild, moderate; restrained, abstemious, abstinent, continent//기온이 온화한, 온건한; 절제하는 temporal//1. pertaining to time 2. pertaining to life, secular, mundane 3. temporary //1. 시간의 때의 2. 속세의, 현세의 3. 일시적인 temporize//stall, cause delay through indecision, gain time//결정을 늦춰 시간을 끌다, 시간을 벌다 tenable//defensible, as in one's position in an argument, valid//공격에 견딜 수 있는, (직위)유지될 수 있는 tenacious//persistent, stubborn, adhesive, cohesive//고집센, 완고한, 몹시 집착하는 tenet//doctrine, dogma, creed, credo//신조, 종교나 정치 혹은 철학 따위의 주의, 교의, 교리 tentative//temporary, provisional, conditional; experimental; uncertain; hesitant//임시의; 시험 삼아 하는; 불확실한; 주저하는 tenuous//flimsy, thin, rare, slim, attenuated, slender//가는, 얇은, 희박한, 미미한 tepid//lukewarm, halfhearted//미지근한, 열성이 그다지 없는 terse//concise, abrupt, pithy, succinct, sententious, laconic//(문체가) 간결한 theology//the study of god or religion//신학 thesis//논문 thorny//2. full of difficulties, tough, painful //1. 가시같은 2. 어려운, 고통스러운, 논쟁을 일으킬만한 threshold//2. any part of beginning or entering //1. 문지방, 입구 2. 시초, 개시, 발단 throttle//1. strangle//1. 목을 조르다, 억압하다 2. (엔진의 유량)흐름을 조절하다 / 스로틀밸브 thwart//prevent from, obstruct, baffle, frustrate, balk, circumvent, foil//(계획 등을)방해하다, 좌절 시키다 timorous//timid, cowardly, fearful, demonstrating fear//겁 많은, 수줍어하는 tirade//prolonged and bitter scolding, denunciation, diatribe, harangue//긴 열변, 장시간의 비난 연설 titillate//excite, stimulate, tease, tickle//기분좋게 자극하다, ...의 흥을 돋우다 titular//in title or name only, nominal//명목상의, 이름뿐인 toil//hard work, labor, drudgery, exhausting effort//수고, 힘드는 일 / 힘써 일하다, 수고하다, 고생하다 torpor//sluggishness, dormancy, inactivity, apathy, coma, languor, lassitude, stolidity, stupor, torpidity//무기력, 무감각, 마비상태, 휴면, 둔함, 활동불능 //cf. torpid: 둔한, 무감각한 tortuous//winding, twisting, sinuous, serpentine, full of curves//비비꼬인, (비유)솔직하지 못한 touchstone//stone used to test the fineness of gold alloys, standard, criterion//금이나 은의 순도를 판별하는 시금석, 표준 tout//praise highly, acclaim, laud//...을 극구 칭찬하다, 성가시게 권유하다 / 끈덕지게 권유하는 사람 toxic//poisonous, virulent//독의 transcend//exceed, surpass//초월하다, 능가하다 transfix//1. pierce through 2. rivet //1. 찌르다, 꿰뚫다 2. (경외, 두려움, 놀람 등으로) 그 자리에서 꼼짝 못하게 하다 transgress//violate a law, sin//(법을)어기다, 죄를 짓다 transient//temporary, fleeting, quickly passing away, staying for a short time//잠시의, 일시적인, 변하기 쉬운 trauma//severe shock or distress, violent wound//[병리]외상, 정신적 충격, 마음의 상처, 쇼크 travesty//grotesque or shameful imitation, mockery, perversion, comical parody//우숩고 서투르게 모방한것, 왜곡 ,풍자 trenchant//cutting, keen, incisive, poignant, pungent, forceful, effective//(말이) 날카롭고, 박력있는, 통렬한, 효과적인, 강력한 trepidation//alarm, fear, dismay, apprehension, trembling agitation, excited state of mind//공포, 전율, 불안, 마음의 동요 triumvirate//a ruling coalition of three officials//삼두정치, 3인 관리제, 3인조 tryst//a secret meeting of lovers//회합, 연인간의 만남 tumult//violent and noisy commotion, uproar, outbreak, turmoil, clamor, hubbub, bedlam, brouhaha//법석,소란,(마음)격동 turbid//1. muddy, murky, opaque, unclear 2. disordered, confused //1. (액체가)탁한, 흐린, 흙탕물의 2. 무질서한,어수선한 turmoil//tumult, commotion, pandemonium, hubbub, bedlam, tumult//혼란, 소동 turpitude//shameful wickedness, depravity//사악함, 간사함, 비열함 ubiquitous//being everywhere, omnipresent, universal//어디에나 있는, 도처에 있는, 편재하는 uncanny//extraordinary, unimaginable, seemingly supernatural, strange, mysterious, arcane//초자연적인, 신비스런, 괴상한 unconscionable//not controlled by conscience, unscrupulous, excessive//이치에 않맞는, 불합리한, 터무니 없는, 비양심적인 unctuous//oily, bland, insincere, suave//기름 같은, 미끈미끈한, 말이 번드르한, 상냥한, 부드러운 underlying//1. basic, fundamental, 밑에 놓인, 기초적인, 근본적인 2. present but not obvious, implicit, 숨어있는, 잠재적인 undermine//impair, subvert, weaken by excavating underneath, debilitate//손상시키다, 의 밑을 파다, 서서히 해치다 underpinning//a system of supports beneath, a foundation or basis//받침, 토대, 지주 underscore//underline, emphasize//밑줄을 긋다, 강조하다 underwrite//1. sponsor, subsidize 2. insure 3. indorse //1. 후원하다, 기부하다 2. 보험에들다 3. 서명하다 uniform//the same for everyone, consistent, unchanging//일정한, 균일한 unilateral//involving one-sided only//한쪽면만의, 한쪽의 일방적인, 한쪽만 영향을 미치는 <-> bilateral unremitting//unceasing, unabated, relentless//끊임 없는, 끈질긴 unwitting//unintentional, not knowing, ignorant//모르는, 무의식의 urbane//poised, sophisticated, suave, refined, elegant//도회적인, 세련된, 예의 바른, 품위 있는 ursine//bear-like, pertaining to a bear//곰의, 곰 같은 usurp//seize wrongfully//(권력이나 지위를) 불법으로 빼앗다, 침해하다 //cf. usury: 고리대금(업) usury//lending money at an extremely high rates of interest//고리 대금(업) utilitarian//stressing usefulness or utility above all other qualities, pragmatic//공리적인, 실용적인, 공리주의의 utopia//ideal society, imaginary land with perfect social and political system//이상향 vacillate//to be indecisive, waver//주저하다, 망설이다, 동요하다 vacuous//1. empty, blank, vacant 2. lacking in ideas or intelligence, inane, stupid //1. 빈, 공허한 2. 멍청한, 얼빠진 vagary//caprice, whim, unpredictable action, wild notion//변덕, 엉뚱한(기행적인) 짓(생각) vanquish//conquer, defeat, subdue, overcome, overpower//정복하다, 패배시키다, 극복하다 vapid//without liveness, dull, uninteresting, insipid, inane//지루한, 재미없는, 김(맥)빠진, 흥미없는, 생기 없는 vehement//incense, forceful, violent, impetuous, with marked vigor, fervid, fervent//열정적인, 열렬한, 격렬한 venal//capable of being bribed, bribable, corruptible//돈으로 좌우되는, 매수되기 쉬운, 타락한 veneer//1. thin layer 2. coating, facade, outward appearance //1. 베니어 2. 겉표면, 겉치레(꾸밈), 허식 venerate//revere, adore, worship//존경(숭배)하다 veracity//truthfulness, verity//진실, 성실, 정직 verbose//wordy, not succinct, circumlocutory, garrulous, loquacious, prolix, talkative//말이 많은, 번거로운 verdant//1. green, fresh, leafy 2. inexperienced, unsophisticated //1. 신록의, 푸른 잎이 무성한 2. 경험이 없는, 미숙한 verge//border, brink, edge, fringe, margin//가장자리, 경계 / (…on) …에 접하다 verisimilitude//similarity to reality, looking like real thing//진실인 듯한, 있을 법한, 진짜인 것처럼 보이는 verity//truth, reality, veracity, truism, true statement//진실(성), 실제하는것, 진실한 진술 vernacular//language, tongue, everyday speech, slang, idiom//모국어, 방언, (직업상의) 전문어, (학명이 아닌)속칭 vestige//trace, remains//흔적, 극히 조금, 퇴화 기관의 흔적 vex//1. fret, annoy, distress, trouble, pester, fester, aggrieve, torment 2. confuse //1. 초조하게 하다, 괴롭히다 2. 바다를 소란스럽게하다 viable//capable of maintaining life, workable//(스스로도)생존할 수 있는, 자랄 수 있는 vicarious//acting as a substitute, done by a deputy, surrogate, proxy//대신의, 대리의, 남을 대신하여 격는 vicissitude//upheaval, natural change, change of fortune//변화, 변천, 흥망성쇠 vie//contend, compete, contest, struggle, cope, emulate, rival//경쟁하다, 다투다 vigilant//constantly alert, watchful, wary//자지 않고 지키는, 경계하는, 방심하지 않는 vignette//small, decorative design or drawing, depiction//삽화, 비네트, 당초문, 장식 무늬, 장면의 간략한 스케치(묘사) vilify//slander, asperse, calumniate, denigrate, rebel, traduce, say vile things about, defame//비난하다, 중상모략하다 vindicate//champion, clear from blame or suspicion, justify, exculpate//지지하다,정당함(진실,결백)을 입증하다, 변호하다 vindictive//1. vengeful, revengeful unforgiving 2. spiteful//1. 복수심을 품은 2. 용서하지 않는 virtuoso//highly skilled artist//예술의 거장(대가), 미술에 정통한 사람, 미술품 감정가 virulent//extremely poisonous, toxic, malignant, full of hate//맹독의, 치명적인, 악의에 찬, (병이)악성인 viscous//viscid, sticky, gluey//끈적이는, 점착성의, 점성의 visionary//produced by imagination, fanciful, mystical, delusory, quixotic//환상의, 공상의, 상상의 / 공상가 vitiate//spoil, impair, mar, pollute; abrogate, abolish, annul ,invalidate//가치를 떨어뜨리다, 손상시키다; 무효화하다 vitriolic//caustic, full of bitterness, corrosive, sarcastic//신랄한, 황산의, 황산 같은, 황산으로 된 vivacious//lively, frolicsome, high-spirited, gay, animated, full of pep//활발한, 명랑한 vocation//3. occupation, job //1. 사명감(직업에 대한) 2. 적성, 소질 3. 직업 vociferous//clamorous, noisy//큰소리로 외치는, 시끄러운 vogue//popular fashion, style//유행(품), 인기 volatile//evaporating rapidly, light-hearted, mercurial//휘발성의, 변덕스러운, 불안정한, 경박한, 민활한, 쾌활한 volition//1. act of making a conscious choice 2. choice 3. will //1. 취사선택 2. 취사선택한것 3. 선택하려는 의지, 결의, 결단 voluminous//large, extensive, having great volume//저서가 많은, 다작의, 부수가 많은, 수많은, 큰, 덩치큰 voluptuous//gratifying the senses, only seeking to pleasure, luxurious, sensual, sensuous//향락적인, 관능적인 voracious//ravenous, covetous, gluttonous, greedy, rapacious, ravening//게걸스레먹는, 굶주린, 탐욕스런, 아주 열심인 waft//float, drift, blow, wave//(물위, 공중을)둥둥떠다니다 / 한줄기 바람, 은근히 풍기는 향기 waive//give up, relinquish, forgo, cede//(권리 등을)포기하다, 그만두다, 철회하다 wake//1. all-night vigil //1. 장례식 전야의 철야 2. 배가 지나간 자국 wane//decrease in strength or intensity, fade away, abate, subside//(달이)이지러지다, 약해지다 <-> wax wanton//unruly, perverse, wayward; unchaste, dissolute, lewd, licentious, lustful; excessive, malicious, unjustifiable, unprovoked, egregious, bestial, brutal, cruel//다루기힘든, 제멋대로의; 음란한, 호색의; 악의, 무자비한 warrant//justify, guarantee//...을 정당화하다, …에 권한을 주다, 보증하다 / 정당한 이유, 영장, 위임장 wary//cautious, watchful, careful, chary, circumspect, discreet//주의 깊은, 신중한, 조심성 있는 willful//1. deliberate 2. obstinate, intractable, pertinacious, perverse //1. 계획적인, 고의의 2. 고집 센 wistful//yearning, sadly longing, meditative//애처롭게 동경하는, 아쉬운듯 바라는 wizened//shriveled, withered, shrunken//말라서 쭈글쭈글한, 시든 woe//1. distress or misery from grief, suffering, affliction 2. misfortune, calamity causing woe //1. 슬픔, 비애 2. 재난, 참화 wrath//deep anger, fury, resentment//분노, 격노 zealous//enthusiastically devoted to sth, fervent//열광적인, 열광하는 zeitgeist//the mood or spirit of the times//시대정신(사조) zenith//point directly overhead in sky, highest point, peak, pinnacle, summit, acme, apex, apogee, culmination//천정(天頂), 정점, (비유) 절정기, 전성기